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Table 1.

Sensitivity analysis with zmin, zmax, ωl, ωu, cr.

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Table 1 Expand

Table 2.

Sensitivity analysis with R1, R2, s, p.

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Table 2 Expand

Table 3.

Comparison results of each improved strategy on the 30-dimensional CEC2013 test suite.

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Table 3 Expand

Table 4.

Wilcoxon rank sum test between PRO and each improved strategy.

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Table 4 Expand

Table 5.

Comparison results of IPRO and PRO on CEC2013 test suite.

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Table 5 Expand

Table 6.

Initial parameters setting of each algorithm.

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Table 6 Expand

Table 7.

Comparison results of 5 algorithms on the 30-dimensional CEC2013 test suite.

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Table 7 Expand

Table 8.

Wilcoxon rank sum test between IPRO and each comparison algorithm on CEC2013 test suite.

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Table 8 Expand

Table 9.

Friedman- test of 5 algorithms (D = 30).

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Table 9 Expand

Fig 1.

Convergence curves on F1.

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Fig 2.

Convergence curves on F2.

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Fig 3.

Convergence curves on F3.

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Fig 4.

Convergence curves on F4.

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Fig 5.

Convergence curves on F5.

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Fig 6.

Convergence curves on F6.

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Fig 7.

Convergence curves on F7.

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Fig 8.

Convergence curves on F8.

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Fig 9.

Convergence curves on F9.

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Fig 10.

Convergence curves on F10.

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Fig 11.

Convergence curves on F11.

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Fig 12.

Convergence curves on F12.

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Fig 13.

Convergence curves on F13.

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Fig 14.

Convergence curves on F14.

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Fig 15.

Convergence curves on F15.

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Fig 16.

Convergence curves on F16.

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Fig 17.

Convergence curves on F17.

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Fig 18.

Convergence curves on F18.

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Fig 19.

Convergence curves on F19.

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Fig 20.

Convergence curves on F20.

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Fig 21.

Convergence curves on F21.

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Fig 22.

Convergence curves on F22.

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Fig 23.

Convergence curves on F23.

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Fig 24.

Convergence curves on F24.

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Fig 25.

Convergence curves on F25.

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Fig 26.

Convergence curves on F26.

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Fig 27.

Convergence curves on F27.

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Fig 28.

Convergence curves on F28.

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