Fig 1.
Absolute spectral values in accordance with wavelengths between 400nm and 700nm for three types of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting spectra from red-, green-, and blue-lights.
Table 1.
The quality of spectra 40 cm beneath the light-emitting diode (LED) panel for three types of LED lights.
Fig 2.
Shoot height (A) and root-collar diameter (B and C) in Podocarpus macrophyllus seedlings exposed to chitosan (+Cos) or water (+Water) sprays in three types of light emitting diodes spectra in red, green, and blue lights. Bar height corresponds to the mean of the measurement while the error bars represent standard errors. Different letters represent difference at significant level of 0.05 by Tukey test.
Table 2.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of spectral condition (SC), oligosaccharide spray (OA), and their combination (SC×OA) on morphology, dry weight biomass, and quality assessment in Podocarpus macrophyllus seedlings.
Fig 3.
Fine root length (A and B), surface-area (C and D), and tip-number (E and F) in Podocarpus macrophyllus seedlings exposed to main effects of chitosan (+Cos) and water (+Water) sprays and the variation among three types of light emitting diodes spectra in red, green, and blue lights. Bar height corresponds to the mean of the measurement while the error bars represent standard errors. Different letters represent difference at significant level of 0.05 by Tukey test.
Fig 4.
Shoot and root parts’ biomass (A) and Dickson quality index (B) in Podocarpus macrophyllus seedlings exposed to chitosan additive (+Cos) and water (+Water) sprays in three types of light emitting diodes spectra from red, green, and blue lights (n = 6). Bar height corresponds to the mean of the measurement while the error bars represent standard errors. Different letters represent difference at significant level of 0.05 by Tukey test. In cell A, capital letters label the difference of whole-plant biomass, lower-case-letters label the difference for shoot, and Greek alphabet letters label difference of biomass in root.
Fig 5.
Concentrations of nitrogen (N) (A, B, and C) and phosphorus (P) (D, E, and F) in parts of shoot (left), root (middle), and whole plant (right) in Podocarpus macrophyllus seedlings exposed to chitosan (+Cos) or water (+Water) sprays in three types of light-emitting diodes spectra from red, green, and blue lights.
Bar height corresponds to the mean of the measurement while the error bars represent standard errors. Different letters represent difference at significant level of 0.05 by Tukey test.
Table 3.
ANOVA of spectral condition (SC), oligosaccharide spray (OA), and their combination (SC×OA) on concentrations (conc.) and contents (cont.) of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in Podocarpus macrophyllus seedlings.
Fig 6.
Contents of nitrogen (N) (A, B, and C) and phosphorus (P) (D, E, and F) in shoot (left), root (middle), and whole plant (right) in Podocarpus macrophyllus seedlings exposed to chitosan oligosaccharide (+Cos) or water (+Water) sprays in three types of light-emitting diodes spectra from red, green, and blue lights.
Bar height corresponds to the mean of the measurement while the error bars represent standard errors. Different letters represent difference at significant level of 0.05 by Tukey test.
Table 4.
Foliar parameters in Podocarpus macrophyllus seedlings subjected to combined treatments with blue, green, and red spectra and chitosan or water sprays (+Cos vs +Water) (n = 6).
Fig 7.
Concentrations in chlorophyll-a (A), chlorophyll-b (B), and soluble protein (C) in Podocarpus macrophyllus seedlings subjected to effects of chitosan (+Cos) and water (+Water) sprays and three types of light emitting diodes spectra from red, green, and blue lights. Bar height corresponds to the mean of the measurement while the error bars represent standard errors. Different letters represent difference at significant level of 0.05 by Tukey test.
Table 5.
Assessments of uptakes and utilizations in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrients in Podocarpus macrophyllus seedlings in response to combined spectra (Blue, Green, and Red) and chitosan and water sprays (+Cos vs +Water) (n = 6).
Table 6.
Pearson correlation among pairs of uptakes and utilizations in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrients in Podocarpus macrophyllus seedlings.