Fig 1.
Sampling locations for Finnish wolverines in this study.
Each small circle on the map indicates one individual. Based on microsatellite data [19], individuals were assigned to regional subpopulations in the north (blue, N = 11) or east (red, N = 19), or were considered to be admixed (white, N = 2). Inside each small circle is the sample number. The dark gray area indicates the approximate range of wolverines in Fennoscandia [19]. The pie charts show allele frequencies (in percent) in the two subpopulations, with a different color (key at the right) for each allele; admixed individuals are included in the northern subpopulation.
Table 1.
Distribution of MHC class II DRB alleles and pseudogenes (PS1, PS2, and PS3) among 32 Gulo gulo individuals in Finland.
Table 2.
MHC class II DRB alleles with identical nucleotide sequences among mustelid species.
Fig 2.
Alignment of deduced amino acid sequences encoded by exon 2 for MHC class II DRB alleles in Finnish wolverines.
Numbers above the amino acid sequences indicate positions in the β1-domain of the DR protein β-chain. Dots indicate amino acids identical to those in Gugu-DRB*01. Residues in presumed antigen binding sites (ABSs) predicted from human MHC-HLA [47] are shaded in gray. + signs at the bottom of the table indicate sites inferred to be under positive selection by MEME analysis and Bayes Empirical Bayes inference (BEB) using PAML. For the M2a and M8 models in BEB, only significant results are indicated by + (P > 95%).
Table 3.
Rates (±standard error) of non-synonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) substitutions for antigen binding sites (ABS), non-ABS, and sites overall in the β1-domain of the MHC class II DR β-chain in Gulo gulo.
Table 4.
Results for maximum likelihood models in CodeML.
Table 5.
Results of likelihood ratio tests between two sets of nested models.
Fig 3.
Bayesian phylogenetic tree for MHC class II DRB exon 2 from the wolverine and other species in Mustelidae, Felidae, and Canidae.
Genbank accession numbers in parentheses follow the allele names. Gulo gulo DRB sequences detected in our study are in red font. Numbers near nodes are posterior probability values. The scale at the bottom indicates branch length in substitutions per site. Species abbreviations in allele names are: Cafa, Canis familiaris; Cala, Canis latrans; Calu, Canis lupus; Febi, Felis silvestris bieti; Feca, Felis catus; Fesi, Felis silvestris; Gugu, Gulo gulo; Mele, Meles leucurus; Mazi, Martes zibellina; Meme, Meles meles; Muni, Mustela nivalis; Tata, Taxidea taxus; Vope, Vormela peregusna.