Fig 1.
Flow chart of investigation procedure.
Table 1.
Association of Apis mellifera hive characteristics and management according to sampled zones.
Fig 2.
Worker bees from one beehive (Apis mellifera) in Boaco, Central Nicaragua.
Seven worker bees from the same sample of one beehive showing high polymorphism according to abdominal colour pattern.
Fig 3.
Degree of Africanization in beehives (Apis mellifera) in Nicaragua.
Yellow dotted lines 90% of Africanization; Red dotted lines 99% of Africanization at beehive level.
Fig 4.
Beehive characteristics according to sampled zone and related to forewing length.
(a) Forewing length by sampled zone; (b) Forewing length by origin of the colony and sampled zone; (c) Forewing length by abdominal colour pattern and sampled zone; (d) Forewing length by defensiveness of the hive and sampled zone; (e) Forewing length by queen bee replacement and sampled zone; (f) Forewing length by origin of the queen and sampled zone.
Table 2.
Beehive mean length of the right forewing from Apis mellifera at different location level.
Fig 5.
Geographic distribution of Apis mellifera mitotypes by department, Nicaragua.
Fig 6.
Phylogenetic analysis of COI-COII gene nucleotide sequences of Apis mellifera.
Table 3.
Estimation of evolutionary divergence between selected Apis mellifera mitotypes.