Fig 1.
Location of the study area and Terrestrial Natural Protected Areas (NPAs) in Colima State, Mexico [35].
Maps were created by A.G. using ArcGIS ArcGIS 10.2.1. software (https://www.esri.com).
Fig 2.
Workflow with the methods and inputs of the manuscript; silhouette imagens taken from PhyloPic (http://phylopic.org).
Table 1.
Vertebrate species in Colima and contribution to Mexican species richness.
Table 2.
Conservation status of vertebrate species in Colima, Mexico; NOM059 (Mexican red list), IUCN, CITES; (% = Colima species with respect to Mexican species).
Fig 3.
Spatial distribution patterns of (a) vertebrate total species richness, (b) endemic species and (c) threatened species for Colima, Mexico. Note the higher concentration of species in the central and northern regions of the state and the clear gradient for total vertebrate richness. Maps were created by A.G. using ArcGIS 10.2.1. software (https://www.esri.com).
Fig 4.
Spatial distribution patterns of species richness by taxonomic group: a) amphibians; b) reptiles; c) birds; d) mammals. Maps were created by A.G. using ArcGIS 10.2.1. software (https://www.esri.com).
Fig 5.
Spearman correlation coefficients (S) and p-value (under the diagonal) and scatterplot (over the diagonal) for crossed species richness among groups in Colima, Mexico.
Note the high coincidence (trend) between richness values for all groups, and the opposite trend for reptiles in contrast to the other groups.
Fig 6.
Statistically significant hot spots identified for: (a) amphibians; b) birds; c) reptiles; d) mammals; e) all vertebrate species; f) endemic species; g) threatened species in Colima, Mexico; and h) Environmental Management Units determined by the ecological territorial ordering for Colima. Maps were created by J.F.G.M. using ArcGIS 10.2.1. software (https://www.esri.com).
Table 3.
Ordinary least squares regression models parameters and variation explained (R2) by topographic, vegetation and environmental variables as regressor for all vertebrates and for endemic and threatened species richness in Colima, Mexico.
Spatial correlation test: M = Moran’s index, z = z-score.
Fig 7.
Histogram and spatial distribution of elevation and gradient (percent of slope) across Colima, Mexico.
Maps were created by J.F.G.M. using ArcGIS 10.2.1. software (https://www.esri.com).
Fig 8.
Map were created by A.G. ArcGIS 10.2.1. software (https://www.esri.com).
Fig 9.
Path analyses of the total correlation coefficients (black line) composed of direct effects of vegetation (red bars) and the indirect effects of elevation (orange bars) in Colima, Mexico.
The graph indicated the degree of correlation with land cover once the expected correlation with elevation is explained; positive values indicate positive correlation and negative values negative correlation.
Fig 10.
a) Mean number (±SE) of species included in protected and not protected grid-cells and b) number of significant (90, 95 and 99% confidence) hotspot grid-cells included in protected and unprotected areas in Colima, Mexico. Color code (a) all vertebrates: Blue line; amphibians: Orange bar; birds: Gray bar; mammals: Yellow bar; reptiles: Blue bar; endemic species: Green bar; and threatened species: Red bar. The blue line in (b) indicates total number of grid cells in each group located in areas with no official protection status.