Fig 1.
Study area along with sites in district Sialkot, Pakistan.
Fig 2.
Chord diagram representing the density of recorded weed species in fifteen different wheat fields of Sialkot.
Fig 3.
PCA biplot for analyzing relationship between weed communities’ density in different wheat fields.
Fig 4.
PCA biplot for analyzing relationship between weed communities’ frequency in different wheat fields.
Fig 5.
Correlation matrix of different weed species.
Asterisk (*) sign denotes significant relationship (p ≤ 0.05).
Fig 6.
Correlation among various edaphic factors.
Abbreviations used are TDS (total dissolved solids); OM (organic matter); EC (electrical conductivity).
Fig 7.
Correlation data on weed species and different edaphic factors.
Abbreviations used are TDS (total dissolved solids); OM (organic matter); EC (electrical conductivity). * denotes significant interaction at p ≤ 0.05, and ** denotes significant interaction at p ≤ 0.01.
Fig 8.
Relative abundance of 34 weed species in 15 different wheat fields of Sialkot.
Fig 9.
Alpha diversity (Shannon index) (a), Species evenness (b), and species richness (c) of weeds at various study sites.
* shows significance at p ≤ 0.05, ** shows significance at p ≤ 0.01, *** indicate significance at p ≤ 0.001, and **** indicate significance at p ≤ 0.0001.
Fig 10.
Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrices showing beta-diversity among different studied sites.
AW: Ajuwali; BA: Bhagwal Awanan; BW: Ballanwala; CM: Chak Mandhaar; JK: Jorian Kalan; KB: Kotli Bhutta; KK: Kala Khambra; KP: Kapurowaali; KW: Khambranwala; LP: Lalpur; MK: Machi Khokhar; PP: Pindi Panjoran; SG: Sagarpur; SL: Salehpur; SP: Saidpur.
Table 1.
Physicochemical properties of the soil at 30°C of wheat fields of Sialkot.