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Fig 1.

Study area along with sites in district Sialkot, Pakistan.

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Fig 2.

Chord diagram representing the density of recorded weed species in fifteen different wheat fields of Sialkot.

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Fig 3.

PCA biplot for analyzing relationship between weed communities’ density in different wheat fields.

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Fig 4.

PCA biplot for analyzing relationship between weed communities’ frequency in different wheat fields.

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Fig 5.

Correlation matrix of different weed species.

Asterisk (*) sign denotes significant relationship (p ≤ 0.05).

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Fig 6.

Correlation among various edaphic factors.

Abbreviations used are TDS (total dissolved solids); OM (organic matter); EC (electrical conductivity).

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Fig 7.

Correlation data on weed species and different edaphic factors.

Abbreviations used are TDS (total dissolved solids); OM (organic matter); EC (electrical conductivity). * denotes significant interaction at p ≤ 0.05, and ** denotes significant interaction at p ≤ 0.01.

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Fig 8.

Relative abundance of 34 weed species in 15 different wheat fields of Sialkot.

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Fig 9.

Alpha diversity (Shannon index) (a), Species evenness (b), and species richness (c) of weeds at various study sites.

* shows significance at p ≤ 0.05, ** shows significance at p ≤ 0.01, *** indicate significance at p ≤ 0.001, and **** indicate significance at p ≤ 0.0001.

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Fig 10.

Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrices showing beta-diversity among different studied sites.

AW: Ajuwali; BA: Bhagwal Awanan; BW: Ballanwala; CM: Chak Mandhaar; JK: Jorian Kalan; KB: Kotli Bhutta; KK: Kala Khambra; KP: Kapurowaali; KW: Khambranwala; LP: Lalpur; MK: Machi Khokhar; PP: Pindi Panjoran; SG: Sagarpur; SL: Salehpur; SP: Saidpur.

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Table 1.

Physicochemical properties of the soil at 30°C of wheat fields of Sialkot.

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Table 1 Expand