Fig 1.
Illustration of stereotactic CyberKnife radiosurgery of an arteriovenous malformation.
(a) CyberKnife machine used at our institution (b) Schematic illustration of the nidus of an intracranial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) before and after radiosurgical obliteration (credit: RX).
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the patient cohort and subcohorts.
Fig 2.
Exemplary obliteration process after CyberKnife radiosurgery.
An example of the obliteration process for one patient with Spetzler-Martin grade IV arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The images show the CT scan with the CyberKnife treatment plan (red: target, green: prescribed isodose) a MR angiography (a), the MR angiography scans 8 months after treatment showing partial obliteration (b), and MR angiography scans of the same area two years (c) and five years (d) after radiosurgery, demonstrating complete obliteration of the AVM.
Fig 3.
Time to obliteration after CyberKnife radiosurgery–Kaplan-Meier curve.
Kaplan-Meier curve of the time (in months) to the obliteration of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in patients treated via CyberKnife radiosurgery. Obliteration is observed between 24 and 48 months after treatment in the majority of patients.
Fig 4.
Obliteration rates in the entire cohort (blue), in the subcohort of patients with a follow-up duration exceeding four years (orange) and in previously embolized patients (grey). CR = complete response; PR = partial response; NC = no change.
Fig 5.
Time to obliteration after CyberKnife radiosurgery in patients with “low-grade” vs. “high-grade” arteriovenous malformation.
Kaplan-Meier curve of the time to obliteration (in months) in the subgroups of patients with “low-grade” (Spetzler-Martin grade I–III) vs. “high-grade” (Spetzler-Martin grade IV–V) arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) treated via CyberKnife radiosurgery. The curve shows a significant difference in the times to obliteration between the two groups (p = .036).
Table 2.
Differences in clinical outcomes in “high-grade” vs. “low-grade” AVMs treated with CKRS.
Table 3.
Influence of age, hemorrhagic onset, prescription dose and Spetzler-Martin score on obliteration.
Table 4.
Influence of age, hemorrhagic onset, prescription dose and Spetzler-Martin score on the rate of complications.