Fig 1.
Experimental procedures for (a) EEG and (b) behavioral studies. One of the (c) multiple facial images was presented at each trial: a neutral, angry, and happy face with either a congruent (50%) or incongruent (50%) gaze direction toward a target (left or right). Reprinted from the ATR Facial Expression Image Database DB99 under a CC BY license, with permission from ATR-Promotions Inc., original copyright (2006).
Table 1.
The CBQ rating items and scores.
Seven scales (S1 Fig).
Fig 2.
The grand averages of ERPs (N1, P2, N2, and P3) under all conditions at Fz (upper), Cz (middle), and Pz (lower) sites: (a) preschool children and (b) young adults. The blue background represents the range between the minimum and maximum values of mean reaction times for each group in the behavioral study, estimating the encoding and decision times for the EEG study.
Table 2.
ERPs (μV) during the working memory task for preschool children.
Table 3.
ERPs (μV) during the working memory task for young adults.
Fig 3.
Time-course changes in the induced θ and α powers at (a) Fz and (b) Pz sites during the working memory task for preschool children: (i) encoding and decision period, (ii) first retention period, and (iii) latter retention period. The average data with statistics for the (c) Fmθ and (d) Pmα powers in each period. The symbols in squares (**, p < .01; *, p < .05; †, p < .1), nonparametric tests versus baseline values; those in brackets, the ANOVA results.
Table 4.
Statistics for the induced θ and α powers at Fz and Pz sites during the working memory task for preschoolers.
Fig 4.
The time-course change in the induced θ and α powers at (a) Fz and (b) Pz sites during the working memory task for young adults. The average data with statistics for the (c) Fmθ and (d) Pmα powers in each period. The symbols are the same as those in Fig 3.
Table 5.
Statistics for the induced θ and α powers at Fz and Pz sites during the working memory task for young adults.
Fig 5.
Reaction times under all experimental conditions for (a) preschoolers and (b) young adults in the behavioral study. **, p < .01; *, p < .05; †, p < .1.
Table 6.
Reaction times (in ms) and statistics under all experimental conditions for (a) preschoolers and (b) young adults.
Table 7.
Preschool children versus young adults in evaluation indices.