Fig 1.
The effects of temperature at which eggs and larvae of cane toads Rhinella marina were raised on hatching success, larval survival, larval growth rate and duration of the larval stage.
Graphs show effect of rearing temperature on (a) hatching success of eggs, (b) survival rates of tadpoles from hatching to metamorphosis, (c) body lengths of tadpoles at four weeks of age, and (d) the overall time taken from hatching until metamorphosis. The panels show data from toads whose parents were collected in two locations: tropical (red) and temperate-zone (blue) Australia (Queensland and New South Wales respectively). The figure shows mean values and associated standard errors based on raw data, although some statistical tests in the text are based on arcsin-transformed or ln-transformed values. Tadpoles from tropical populations had higher hatching success (a) and a shorter duration of larval life (d) at all test temperatures, but rates of survival and growth (b and c) did not differ significantly between tropical vs temperate-zone toads.
Fig 2.
The effects of temperature at which eggs and larvae of cane toads Rhinella marina were raised on body size at metamorphosis, locomotor behaviour, and locomotor speed of metamorphs.
Graphs show effect of rearing temperature on (a) mass at metamorphosis, (b) number of hops required for a metamorph to travel 1 m in laboratory raceway trials, and (c) the time taken for a metamorph to travel 1 m in laboratory raceway trials. The panels show data from toads whose parents were collected in two locations: tropical (red) and temperate-zone (blue) Australia. The figure shows mean values and associated standard errors based on raw data, although some statistical tests in the text are based on arcsin-transformed or ln-transformed values. Asterisks show location of significant geographic (tropical vs temperate) differences identified by posthoc tests.
Fig 3.
Average monthly air temperatures (maxima and minima) for study sites.
(a) tropical Australia (Cairns, Queensland), and (b) temperate-zone Australia (Brooms Head, New South Wales) from which cane toads (Rhinella marina) were collected, to provide offspring tested in the current study. Data from http://www.bom.gov.au (accessed 22 July 2021).