Fig 1.
Block diagram of research methodology.
Fig 2.
Architecture of HES.
Fig 3.
Stateflow chart of the P&O MPPT algorithm.
Table 1.
Technical specifications of HES components.
Fig 4.
Power grid supply during summer.
Fig 5.
Community load demand on hourly basis.
Fig 6.
Annual solar radiation of Quetta.
Fig 7.
Annual average temperature of Quetta.
Fig 8.
The flow chart of EMS algorithm for the HES.
Fig 9.
Movement of particles in optimization process.
Table 2.
PSO parameters.
Fig 10.
The global tilted irradiance and the cloud opacity (on 14 June 2020).
Fig 11.
The HES performance during a typical summer day (a) Different modes of PV system (b) BSS charging and discharging operation with SOC variations (c) Utilization of Grid, PV and BSS (d) The resiliency of HES against variable load.
Table 3.
Result of sizing problem in different combinations.
Fig 12.
The LCOE and the RC relationship for HES.
Fig 13.
The global tilted irradiance and the cloud opacity (on 7 November 2019).
Fig 14.
Operation of HES during winter day (7th November 2019) (a) Different modes of PV system (b) BSS charging and discharging operation with SOC variations (c) Utilization of Grid, PV and BSS (d) The resiliency of HES against variable load.
Fig 15.
The annual energy generation mix of HES and the load demand.
Fig 16.
Contribution of different energy sources in summer and winter season.
Total annual net energy demand: 119,519 kWh.
Table 4.
The LCOE of different energy systems.
Fig 17.
The impact of FiT during summer day.
Fig 18.
The impact of FiT during winter day.