Fig 1.
The island of Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands, East Polynesia.
Ho‘oumi Valley is located on the southeastern coast, adjacent to the large valley of Taipivai.
Fig 2.
Map of Ho‘oumi Beach showing the location of Trench 1 (left) and an view of the river, looking upstream (right). (Photo by M.S. Allen).
Fig 3.
Stratigraphic profile of Trench 1, Ho‘oumi Beach, showing the location of the eleven radiocarbon samples.
Table 1.
Characteristics of Trench 1 strata, Ho‘oumi Beach.
Fig 4.
Oxcal plot of calibrated AMS results from Layer IV, Trench 1, Ho‘oumi Beach (see Table 2 and text for sample details).
Table 2.
Trench 1, Ho‘oumi Beach (Nuku Hiva Island) radiocarbon sample details, analytic results, and calibrationsa.
Fig 5.
Bayesian age model for radiocarbon dates from Layers IV and III of Trench 1, Ho‘oumi Beach.
Fig 6.
Microfossils assemblages from Layer IV, Ho‘oumi Beach.
Top: Pollen record. Bottom: Phytolith and sponge spicule assemblage.
Fig 7.
Examples of common macrobotanical materials.
Left: immature Cocos nucifera fruit (five views); centre: Pandanus key (two views); right: Cocos nucifera endocarp (plan view and cross-section). (Photos by Tim Mackrell).
Fig 8.
Representative plant macrofossils (seeds unless otherwise stated).
A. Morinda citrifolia; B. Pritchardia-type (outer surface); C. Curcubitaceae indet.; D. Pterophylla cf. marquesana; E. Premna serratifolia (endocarp showing seed chamber); F. Angiopteris marchionica (sorus with sporangia). Scale bars: A, B, C, E, 2 mm; D, F, 0.25 mm. (Photos by N. Porch).
Fig 9.
Plant macrofossils of potential extirpations or extinctions.
Seeds: A. Trema cf. orientalis; B. cf. Claoxylon (ventral view; lateral view); C. Acalypha; D. Mussaenda; E. Macaranga (lateral view; dorsal view). Moss leaves: F. Fissidens cf. raiatensis; G. Calymperes cf. moorei; H. Calymperes cf. tahitensis. Scale bars: B, E, 2 mm; A, H, 1 mm; C, G, 0.5 mm; D, F, 0.25 mm. (Photos by N. Porch).
Table 3.
Summary of identified plant material (+ = present).
Table 4.
Preliminary identifications and counts of subfossil bryophytes from five bulk sediment samples.
Fig 10.
Left: archaeological specimen of Sideroxylon sp. from Layer IV, Trench 1; note cuts at lower end. (Photo by Tim Mackrell); Centre: Sideroxylon polynesicum in fruit, Mount Taga, Rapa Island, 2002. (Photo courtesy of Jean-Yves Meyer); Right: mature Sideroxylon polynesicum, Matotea, Raivavae Island, 2002. (Photo courtesy of Jean-Yves Meyer).
Fig 11.
Representative insect subfossils of indigenous/endemic taxa 1.
A. Adamanthea (Staphylinidae) beetle head; B. Cossonine ‘B’ weevil heads, male and female; C. Paederine staphylinid beetle head; D. Mumfordia (Latridiidae) beetle right elytron; E. Ampagia (Curcuclionidae) weevil hind femur; F. Platyscapa (Agaonidae) fig wasp head; G. Proterhinus (Belidae) weevil head; H. Cryptotermes dolei (Kalotermitidae) termite mandible; I. Chelisoches morio (Chelisochidae) earwig forcep. Scale bars: A-H, 0.25 mm. I, 2 mm. (Photo by N. Porch).
Fig 12.
Representative insect subfossils of indigenous/endemic taxa 1.
A. Monomorium sp. ant (Formicidae) head; B. Ponera cf. incerta queen ant (Formicidae) head; C. Tetramorium sp. 3 ‘new?’ ant (Formicidae) head; D. Strumigenys cf. mumfordi ant (Formicidae) head; E. Laemophloeidae beetle left elytron; F. Liodessus-type (Dytiscidae) beetle left elytron; G. Pseudoscorpion indet. chelicera; H. Xyleborini 1 (Curculionidae) weevil left elytron; I. Simulium (Diptera) larval head capsule. Scale bars all 0.25 mm. (Photo by N. Porch).
Fig 13.
Representative insect subfossils of likely introduced taxa.
A. Hypoponera cf. punctatissima ant (Formicidae) head; B. Nylanderia sp. ant (Formicidae) head; C. Tetramorium bicarinatum ant (Formicidae) queen pronotum; D. Opopaea-type spider (Oonopidae) spider carapace; E, F. Cryptamorpha desjardinsii (Silvanidae) (meso- and metaventrites (E) and prothorax (F). Scale bars all 0.25 mm. (Photo by N. Porch).
Table 5.
Summary of identified arthropod material.
Table 6.
Morphometric data for two modern Mussaenda species (Rubiaceae) from Gideon [115] and for measurable Ho‘oumi subfossils.