Fig 1.
Distribution and summary data for sequence samples produced in this study.
Upper: World map (1:250 million) showing geographic distribution of specimens sequenced in this study. Lower: left chart shows the taxonomic breakdown of specimens sequenced; middle chart shows institutions housing the voucher specimens; right chart shows the number of currently recognized species (for both COI and 16S markers), the number of Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) represented by COI sequences, and the number of specimens per country, for the top five countries.
Fig 2.
NJ tree of Hemidactylus mabouia and H. mercatorius COI sequences in GenBank.
Sequences are shown by GenBank Accession number, followed by the species, and specimen number. Localities are shown to the right. Red sequences are mis-labelled specimens in GenBank and BOLD (see text). The localities given for the mis-labelled specimens are those of the H. mercatorius samples to which they correspond, inferred from the published tree [39]. GenBank Accession numbers beginning with MH274 are from this study, those beginning with KF604 are from Hawlitschek et al. [39].
Fig 3.
Neighbor-joining tree of Pituophis snakes, including samples from this study and another project in BOLD.
Samples from our study begin with NMNHR, specimens from Chambers and Hebert [41] begin with EANAH and included outdated names from lending institutions. In that study, samples borrowed from the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH) and San Diego Natural History Museum (SDNMH) had updated taxonomies that separate P. catenifer and P. vertebralis from P. melanoleucus, whereas the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) did not. The researchers published the sequences in BOLD and GenBank using the outdated taxonomy and reported overall low levels of interspecific and high levels of intraspecific genetic divergences in their study on amphibians and reptiles, with similar mis-labelled individuals throughout [41]. While the wide-ranging P. catenifer does show high levels of intraspecific divergence (6.3%), adopting the current taxonomy (at that time) would have eliminated the erroneous detection of low levels of interspecific variation and provided more accurate estimates of intraspecific variation. Average uncorrected p-distances are shown between clades or samples indicated by arrows. Specimens are presented by BOLD Process IDs, followed by the species names adopted by the lending institutions at the time of the study, with some using the updated taxonomy and others not. Grey boxes indicate updated taxonomy. Sample EANAH451-12 presumably represents true P. melanoleucus; however, no locality information was provided for that specimen.