Fig 1.
Location of sampling sites of Sphyrna lewini in the Eastern Tropical Pacific.
Sampling sites: Guatemala (GUA, N = 72), Ojochal (OJO, N = 43), Coyote (COY, N = 34), Cocos Island (ICO, N = 15), Panama (PAN, N = 65), Nayarit (NAY, N = 25), Oaxaca (OAX, N = 8), Michoacan (MCH, N = 17), Baja California (BJC, N = 25), Chiapas (CHP, N = 14), Sinaloa (SIN, N = 36), Port Buenaventura (PTB, N = 22), Sanquianga (SNQ, N = 20), Utria (UTR, N = 21), Malpelo Island (MLP, N = 18). Sampling sites were plotted using base and raster layers from the Natural Earth (public domain) http://www.naturalearthdata.com/ in ArcMap 10.4.
Table 1.
Genetic diversity indices for the mitochondrial control region and 9 microsatellite loci for Sphyrna lewini individuals in the Eastern Tropical Pacific.
Fig 2.
Haplotype network based on mitochondrial control region sequences for Sphyrna lewini.
Each circle represents a unique haplotype (Haplotype 1 through 16); the size of the circle is proportionate to the number of individuals; the colors represent the proportion of individuals from each sampling location; ticks on connecting lines indicate mutational steps between haplotypes. Sampling sites: Guatemala (GUA), Ojochal (OJO), Coyote (COY), Cocos Island (ICO), Panama (PAN), Nayarit (NAY), Oaxaca (OAX), Michoacan (MCH), Baja California (BJC), Chiapas (CHP), Sinaloa (SIN), Port Buenaventura (PTB), Sanquianga (SNQ), Utria (UTR), Malpelo Island (MLP).
Table 2.
Pairwise ƟST values and exact test of sample differentiation of the mitochondrial control region for Sphyrna lewini individuals in the Eastern Tropical Pacific.
Table 3.
Hierarchical Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) on sequences of the mitochondrial control region for Sphyrna lewini in the Eastern Tropical Pacific.
Fig 3.
Distribution of pairwise genetic relatedness.
Distribution of pairwise genetic relatedness values for simulated pairs of individuals: Full siblings (FS), Half siblings (HS), Parent/Offspring (PO), and for observed pairs of individuals of Sphyrna lewini sampled in coastal areas of the ETP.
Fig 4.
Population structure analyses from microsatellite genotypes of Sphryna lewini individuals in sampling sites of the Eastern Tropical Pacific: Guatemala (GUA), Costa Rica (OJO), Panama (PAN), and Cocos Island (ICO).
A) DAPC plot from the first and second components of the nuclear microsatellite genotypes of three coastal areas B) Genetic clusters inferred by STRUCTURE with K = 2, K = 3 and K = 4 of three coastal areas. C) DAPC plot from the first and second components of the nuclear microsatellite genotypes of three coastal areas and an oceanic island. D) Genetic clusters inferred by STRUCTURE with K = 2, K = 3 and K = 4 of three coastal areas and an oceanic island.
Fig 5.
Contemporary gene flow estimated from 9 microsatellite loci genotypes with the divMigrate function.
Arrows represent the relative number of migrants and estimated direction of gene flow between three coastal areas: Guatemala (GUA), Costa Rica (OJO), Panama (PAN); and an oceanic island: Cocos Island (ICO). The darker the arrow, the higher the relative number of migrants between sampling locations.
Fig 6.
Distribution of pairwise relatedness values of the Wang estimator of Sphyrna lewini individuals within same sampling sites and between different sampling sites.
The mode of each distribution is presented in a black dashed line.