Fig 1.
Distribution of all cows used in this study equipped with both leg and neck sensors per type of farm (AMS = automatic milking system, CMS = conventional milking system) per statistical model (months in milk model and 24h pattern model).
Table 1.
Characteristics of 8 commercial dairy farms in The Netherlands used in this retrospective observational study.
Fig 2.
A,B: Overall time budget (eating, rumination, lying, walking and standing) based on least square means (LSM) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of all cows on 8 commercial dairy farms in The Netherlands from 1 month before calving until 10 months in milk with “month 0” consisting of d-1, d0 and d+1 (A) and their overall 24h pattern time budget (B).
Fig 3.
A,B,C,D,E: Time budget parameters in minutes per day (min/day) based on least square means (LSM) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) grouped by parity (1, 2 and 3+) on 8 commercial dairy farms in The Netherlands from 1 month before calving until 10 months in milk with “month 0” consisting of d-1, d0 and d+1.
Fig 4.
A,B,C,D,E: Time budget parameters in minutes per day (min/day) based on least square means (LSM) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) per farm grouped by color: red = AMS-C, blue = CMS-P (automatic milking system–confined, and conventional milking system–pasture access) on 8 commercial dairy farms in The Netherlands from 1 month before calving until 10 months in milk with “month 0” consisting of d-1, d0 and d+1.
Fig 5.
A,B,C,D,E: Time budget parameters in minutes per day (min/day) based on least square means (LSM) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) grouped by calving season (Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter) on 8 commercial dairy farms in The Netherlands from 1 month before calving until 10 months in milk with “month 0” consisting of d-1, d0 and d+1.
Fig 6.
A,B,C,D,E: 24h pattern in minutes per 2 hours (min/2hours) based on least square means (LSM) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) grouped by parity: 1, 2 and 3+ on 8 commercial dairy farms in The Netherlands from 00:00AM until 22:00PM.
Fig 7.
A,B,C,D,E: 24h pattern in minutes per 2 hours (min/2hours) based on least square means (LSM) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) per farm grouped by color: red = AMS-C, blue = CMS-P (automatic milking system–confined, and conventional milking system–pasture access) on 8 commercial dairy farms in The Netherlands from 00:00AM until 22:00PM.
Fig 8.
A,B,C,D,E: 24h pattern in minutes per 2 hours (min/2hours) based on least square means (LSM) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) grouped by calving season (Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter) on 8 commercial dairy farms in The Netherlands from 00:00AM until 22:00PM.