Fig 1.
A) Map of Hungary showing the location of the Kiskundorozsma–Kettőshatár I archaeological site; B) Aerial photo of the Kiskundorozsma–Kettőshatár I archaeological site; and C) Plan drawing of the late Avar Age cemetery of Kiskundorozsma–Kettőshatár I with the location of the burial of KK61. (Fig 1A contains information from OpenStreetMap and OpenStreetMap Foundation, which is made available under the Open Database License).
Fig 2.
A) Photo of the burial of KK61 in situ; and B) Completeness of the skeleton of KK61.
Table 1.
Macromorphological diagnostic criteria for leprosy.
Fig 3.
A) Right lateral, B) anterior, and C) left lateral view of the skull of KK61, with severe bony changes indicative of leprosy in the rhinomaxillary region of the face.
Fig 4.
Rhinomaxillary lesions in the skull of KK61.
A) Resorption of the anterior nasal spine (white arrow) and the left inferior nasal concha, and widening and rounding of the inferior half of the pyriform aperture (left side); B) Resorption of the anterior nasal spine, the bony nasal septum, the inferior nasal conchae, and the maxillary alveolar process (at the prosthion–white arrow), and widening and rounding of the inferior half of the pyriform aperture; C) Resorption of the maxillary alveolar process (at the prosthion) and pitting, erosion, and perforation (white arrow) on the oral surface of the maxillary palatine process; and D) Resorption of the anterior nasal spine, the bony nasal septum, the right inferior nasal concha, and the maxillary alveolar process (at the prosthion), widening and rounding of the inferior half of the pyriform aperture, and pitting, erosion, and perforation (white arrow) on the nasal surface of the maxillary palatine process.
Fig 5.
Alveolar bone recession (white arrows) of the A) maxillary and B) mandibular teeth of KK61, with ante-mortem loss of the mandibular central incisors.
Fig 6.
Bony changes indicative of motor peripheral neuropathy in the feet of KK61.
A) Exostoses on the dorsal surface of the left and right cuboid bones (white arrows); B) Bony ridges on the lateral surface of the left calcaneus (white arrow); and C) Exostoses on the medial surface of the right calcaneus (white arrows).
Fig 7.
Septic bony changes indicative of sensory peripheral neuropathy in the feet of KK61.
Surface pitting and subperiosteal new bone formations on the A) dorsal and B) plantar surfaces of the proximal end of the left 3rd, 4th, and 5th metatarsals (white arrows), with a small sinus on the 5th metatarsal; C) Slight ballooning of the diaphysis of the right 2nd metatarsal (white arrows); Almost complete destruction of the distal end of the right 1st metatarsal–D) plantar and E) dorsal surfaces; and Remodelling of the proximal end of the right 1st metatarsal and the right medial cuneiform bone with surface pitting and subperiosteal new bone formations (white arrows)–F) right lateral and G) left lateral view.
Fig 8.
Slight surface pitting and longitudinally striated subperiosteal new bone formations (white arrows) on the shaft of the right A) tibia (medial surface) and B) fibula (posterior surface) of KK61. Exostoses (white arrows) on the distal part of the right C) tibia (lateral surface), D) fibula (medial surface), and E) femur (posterior surface) of KK61.