Fig 1.
Taxonomic history of Paragripopteryx.
*Species combined under the genus Tupiperla by Froehlich [19].
Table 1.
Species studied for the phylogenetic proposition, the institutions where the specimens are deposited, and biogeographical occurrences.
Andean Region, Transition Zone, and Neotropical Region (sensu Morrone [9]).
Fig 2.
Phylogenetic hypotheses of Paragripopteryx.
Analysis under IW scheme (k = 3); most Paragripopteryx (written in blue) are nested in a clade, except for P. munoai (written in red).
Fig 3.
Map of South America highlighting the Neotropical Region (in light green) with records of Paragripopteryx along the Brazilian coastal mountains, from northeastern Bahia to southeastern and southern Brazil, reaching the Province of Misiones (Argentina), where some specimens were recorded, and the Uruguayan coast, where P. baratinii and P. munoai were sampled. (Reprinted from https://www.simplemappr.net under a CC BY license, with permission from David Shorthouse, original copyright 2021.).
Fig 4.
Morphological characters of Paragripopteryx klapaleki.
Paragripopteryx klapaleki: (A) adult male, fore- and hind wings. (B, C) Male terminalia in dorsal and lateral views, respectively. Paragripopteryx crassila: (D) holotype adult male, detail of forewing. (E, F) Male terminalia in dorsal and lateral views, respectively (Scale bars: A, B, C, E, F: 0.5 mm; D: 2.0 mm).
Fig 5.
Paragripopteryx dasalmas sp. nov.
(A) Left–holotype adult male, head and pronotum in dorsal view; right–adult female, head and pronotum in dorsal view. (B) Male fore- and hind wings. (C, D, E) Male terminalia in dorsal, ventral and lateral views, respectively. (F) Detail of the epiproct. (G) Female terminalia in ventral view (Scale bars: A, B, C, D: 0.5 mm; E, G: 0.4 mm).
Fig 6.
(A) Left–holotype adult male, head and pronotum in dorsal view; right–female head and pronotum in dorsal view. (B) Male fore- and hind wings. (C, D) Male terminalia in dorsal and lateral views, respectively. (E) Female, terminalia in ventral view (Scale bars: A, B, E: 0.5 mm; C, D: 0.4 mm).
Fig 7.
Male wings of the Paragripopteryx species.
Paragripopteryx anga: (A) male paratype, fore- and hind wings. Paragripopteryx blanda: (B) male holotype, fore- and hind wings. Paragripopteryx delicata: (C) male holotype, fore- and hind wings. Paragripopteryx egena: (D) male, fore- and hind wings. Paragripopteryx guardae: (E) male holotype, fore- and hind wings. Paragripopteryx hamata: (F) male holotype, fore- and hind wings. Paragripopteryx intervalensis: (G) male specimen from Serra Furada, Santa Catarina state, fore- and hind wings. Paragripopteryx merui: (H) male holotype, fore- and hind wings. Paragripopteryx paranapiacabae: (I) male holotype, forewing with pterostigmatic crossvein (Scale bar: 0.5 mm).
Fig 8.
Male terminalia of the Paragripopteryx species.
Paragripopteryx anga: (A) male holotype, partial T10 in dorsal view. (B, C) Male holotype, paraprocts and detail of epiproct in lateral view, respectively. Paragripopteryx blanda: (D) male specimen from Santa Catarina state, T10 in dorsal view. (E, F) Paraprocts and epiproct in lateral view, respectively. Paragripopteryx delicata: (G) male holotype, T10 in dorsal view. (H, I): Paraprocts and epiproct in lateral view, respectively. Paragripopteryx egena: (J) male T10 in dorsal view. (K) Paraprocts in lateral view. Paragripopteryx guardae: (L) male holotype, T10 in dorsal view. (M, N) Paraprocts and detail of epiproct in lateral view, respectively. Paragripopteryx hamata: (O) male holotype, T10 in dorsal view. (P) Paraprocts and epiproct in lateral view (Scale bar: 0.2 mm).
Fig 9.
Male terminalia of the Paragripopteryx species.
Paragripopteryx intervalensis: (A, B) male specimen from Serra Furada, Santa Catarina state, terminalia in dorsal and lateral views, respectively. Paragripopteryx intervalensis: (C) detail of paraproct and epiproct length from species sampled at the Intervales State Park, São Paulo state. Paragripopteryx kapilei: (D) male from Santa Catarina state, terminalia in dorsal view. Paragripopteryx kapilei: (E) paratype male, terminalia in lateral view. Paragripopteryx kapilei: (F) detail of male epiproct in lateral view. Paragripopteryx merui: (G, H) male, terminalia in dorsal and lateral views, respectively. Paragripopteryx merui: (I) detail of male epiproct in lateral view. Paragripopteryx paranapiacabae: (J, K) holotype and paratype adult male, terminalia in dorsal and lateral views, respectively. Paragripopteryx paranapiacabae: (L) detail of male epiproct in lateral view (Scale bar: 0.2 mm).
Fig 10.
Nymphs of the Paragripopteryx species.
Paragripopteryx blanda: (A) body in dorsal view, detail of thorax and legs. Paragripopteryx delicata: (B, C, D) body in dorsal view, hindleg and distal abdomen, respectively. Paragripopteryx guardae: (E, F:) head and thorax in dorsal view and distal abdomen in dorsal view, respectively. Paragripopteryx intervalensis: (G, H, I) nymphal exuviae, pronotum in dorsal view, detail of leg, and T10, respectively. Paragripopteryx kapilei: (J, K, L, M) young nymph, head and thorax in dorsal view, details of mid- and hindlegs, and abdomen in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. (Scale bar: 0.5 mm).
Fig 11.
Paragripopteryx munoai Benedetto, 1969.
(A) Paratype adult male, head and pronotum in dorsal view. (B) Paratype adult female, head and pronotum in dorsal view. (C) Adult male, head and pronotum in lateral view. (D) Male fore- and hind wings. (E, F, G) Male terminalia in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively. (H) Nymph, body in dorsal view. (I) Nymph, head and pronotum in dorsal view. (J) Nymph, meso- and metanotum in dorsal view. (K) Nymph, detail of tarsi. (L) Nymph, abdominal ends in latero-ventral view (Scale bars: A–L: 0.5 mm).
Table 2.
Summary of the current taxonomic treatments of Paragripopteryx and their respective records and described stages (new geographic records in bold).