Fig 1.
Map of the study site: The Namoly valley landscape and their main ecological zones.
a. eastern slope: moist altitude dense forest (1500–1800m) and sclerophyllous moist forest (1800–2000), b. western slope: altimontane meadow, ericoid thickets (2100m) and rupicolous vegetation (2500m), c. valley bottom (1500m): surrounding houses, pastures, crop fields. The map was built under QGIS 3.10.0 by the authors, using elevation SRTM data at 90m spatial resolution from the CGIAR-CSI database [47]. Pictures: V. Porcher. See also Fig 2 for altitudinal zonation of vegetation in Namoly valley.
Fig 2.
Biogeography and habitat of Betsileo WEPs collection.
A. Sankey diagram showing the proportion of endemic, native and introduced WEP species found in each habitat. The thickness of the lines refers to the number of species. “*” indicate significant relation based on MANOVA (threshold at P < 0.001) (S2 Table in S1 File). B. altitudinal zonation of vegetation in Namoly valley from west to east. X and Y axes not at the same scale.
Fig 3.
Gender and life stage effect on the number of WEPs cited: a. comparison of the mean WEP species richness cited by subsamples of informants, b. linear correlation between WEP list length and age (female = red dots and male = blue dots). ns = non-significant.
Fig 4.
Venn diagram of WEP species shared by the four subsamples.
Representation of the number and the distribution of WEP species cited by each subsample.
Table 1.
Ten most salient WEPs species according to the B’score index.
Fig 5.
Number of WEPs cited by categories and subsamples.
“*” indicate significant relations based on MANOVA. Letters indicate a similar number of plant species cited based on Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared (threshold at P < 0.01).
Fig 6.
Pearson’s residuals from a chi-square test on biogeographical characteristics of WEPs cited by informants using subsample based on B’score rank.