Table 1.
Sociodemographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics of participants.
Fig 1.
Allele frequencies for significant SNPs, for a) susceptibility (rs286914 and rs12329760) and b) severe response (rs657152 and rs11385942) to COVID-19 infection. No significant differences were found between COPD and control groups for any of the tested SNPs; rs286914: p-value = 0.60; rs12329760: p-value = 0.55; rs657152: p-value = 0.85; rs11385942: p-value = 0.72.
Fig 2.
Number of people with a cumulative number of risk alleles for a) susceptibility for COVID-19 infection and b) severe COVID-19 with respiratory failure. 0 to 4 represents the sum of effect alleles for each COVID-19 associated phenotype. No significant differences were found, between COPD and control groups, for the distribution of people in the risk groups. a) p-value = 0.71 and b) p-value = 0.80.
Fig 3.
Polygenic risk score for susceptibility to COVID-19 infection (a), hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection (b), severe COVID-19 with respiratory failure (c) and survivability to COVID-19 infection (d). Results shown as scatter dot plots with median represented. No significant differences were found between the polygenic risk scores of COPD and control groups for any of the phenotypes tested; a) p-value = 0.05; b) p-value = 0.03; c) p-value = 0.38; d) p-value = 0.09.
Fig 4.
Effect allele proportions for COVID-19 susceptibility (a and b) and severe response to COVID-19 infection (c and d) SNPs in different world populations. Bars represent the proportion of each allele in the respective population. Allele frequencies for rs286914, rs12329760 and rs11385942 were obtained from gnomAD-Genome project, while rs657152 allele frequencies were obtained from the ALFA project. *: p-value<0.01; **: p-value<0.001; ***: p-value<0.0001; ✝ - population used as reference for statistical analyses. NA—No data available.
Fig 5.
Estimation on the number of people with a cumulative number of risk alleles in the world major populations for a) susceptibility for COVID-19 infection (rs286914 + rs12329760) and b) severe COVID-19 with respiratory failure (rs657152 + rs11385942). 0 to 4 represents the sum of effect alleles for each COVID-19 associated phenotype. Data for the Portuguese(n = 623), Spanish (n = 9761) and Italian (6363) populations correspond to observed values extrapolated to 1 million, whereas data for major world populations correspond to estimations (also to 1 million) based on the published effect allele frequencies, after Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium validation. Allele frequencies for rs286914, rs12329760 and rs11385942 were obtained from gnomAD-Genome project, while rs657152 allele frequencies were obtained from the ALFA project. All populations’ distributions were compared with the European distribution. ✝ - population used as reference for statistical analyses. ***: p-value<0.0001. NA—No data available.
Fig 6.
Adjusted residues heatmap for a) bi-allelic risk of COVID-19 infection susceptibility and b) bi-allelic risk of severe COVID-19 with respiratory failure. Red colour means that the target population/risk level is overrepresented, comparatively to the European distribution; Purple colour means that the target population/risk level is underrepresented, comparatively to the European distribution. NA—No data available.