Fig 1.
The view of Midtown in Detroit, Michigan, USA (source: USGS national map viewer).
Fig 2.
Public transportation routes in Midtown.
Table 1.
Numbers of images collected for the selected streets.
Fig 3.
Experimental steps used in this study.
Fig 4.
Detected results of traffic barrels (i.e., construction).
Fig 5.
Detected result of a crane.
Fig 6.
Detected results of a person and cars.
Fig 7.
Detected results of cars and traffic lights.
Table 2.
Growth and decline factors used in this study.
Fig 8.
Locations of street view images in Midtown.
Fig 9.
Urban growth and decline scores in Midtown in (a) 2011, (b) 2013, (c) 2015, and (c) 2017.
Fig 10.
Spatial changes in Midtown on (a) Canfield Street in 2011 and 2013, (b) John R Street in 2011 and 2013, (c) First Unitarian Church in 2013 and 2015, and (d) Cass Technical High School in 2009 and 2011.
Fig 11.
Changes in Woodward Avenue (2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017).
Fig 12.
Graphs of scores on Woodward Avenue (2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017).
Fig 13.
Changes on St Antoine Street (2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017).
Fig 14.
Graphs of scores on St Antoine Street (2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017).
Fig 15.
Scores and building permits in Midtown in (a) 2015 and (b) 2017.
Fig 16.
Scores and crime frequency in Midtown in (a) 2015 and (b) 2017.