Table 1.
Individual refractive profile of the subjects of the two groups (young adults and presbyopes).
Fig 1.
Illustration of different metrics for young subject S#9 with NoLens and MediumAdd CL.
(A) TF logMAR VA, highlighting the absolute value of logMAR VA at far (best focus), intermediate (1.5D) and near (2.5D) distances, indicated by vertical dashed lines, and Depth of Focus (defined as the dioptric range where VA is better than 0.2logMAR) indicated by a horizontal line. (B) Differences in logMAR VA for NoLens and MCL at far (Visual Degradation at far, dark green) and at near (2.5D, Visual benefit at near). (C) Visual Imbalance across distances defined as the standard deviation of the logMAR VA values across the TF curve, for the NoLens (Red bar) and MediumAdd CL (Green Bar).
Fig 2.
(A) logMAR VA at far and (B) logMAR VA at near, for all lenses and conditions, as a function of subject’s age. Different lenses are identified by color—Red: NoLens; Orange: LowAdd; Green: MediumAdd; Purple: HighAdd. Solid symbols stand for paralyzed accommodation and open symbols for natural accommodation. Subjects to the left of the separation bar are young adults; and to the right of the separation bar are presbyopes.
Fig 3.
TFVA data shown for all subjects and conditions under paralyzed accommodation with 5 mm pupil diameters.
(A) young adults (top panels); (B) presbyopes (bottom panels). Conditions from left to right are NoLens, LowAdd, MediumAdd, HighAdd. Lens condition identified by color—Red: NoLens; Orange: LowAdd; Green: MediumAdd; Purple: HighAdd.
Fig 4.
TFVA curves for all subjects and conditions under natural accommodation with natural pupil diameters.
(A) young adults (top panels); (B) presbyopes (bottom panels). Conditions from left to right are NoLens, LowAdd, MediumAdd, HighAdd. Lens condition identified by color—Red: NoLens; Orange: LowAdd; Green: MediumAdd; Purple: HighAdd.
Fig 5.
Average TF logMAR VA, across all subjects in the two study groups for paralyzed and natural accommodation.
(A) Average TFVA curves for young adults; (B) Average TFVA curves for presbyopes. Left plots: paralyzed accommodation; Right plots: natural accommodation. Each lens condition identified by color—Red: NoLens; Orange: LowAdd; Green: MediumAdd; Purple: HighAdd.
Fig 6.
Average TF VA for 3 pupil diameters (3, 4 and 5-mm) under paralyzed accommodation.
Lens condition identified by color—Red: NoLens; Orange: LowAdd; Green: MediumAdd; Purple: HighAdd. (A) young adults; (B) presbyopes.
Fig 7.
Average logMAR VA (across subjects) for far, intermediate, and near distances for both paralyzed accommodation and natural accommodation.
(A) young adults. (B). presbyopes.–Red: NoLens; Orange: LowAdd; Green: MediumAdd; Purple: HighAdd; Solid bars: paralyzed accommodation; Open bars: natural accommodation.
Fig 8.
Visual benefit and visual degradation at far.
(A), (C) Visual Degradation at far (left panels) and (B), (C)Visual Benefit at near (right panels) in young adults (upper panels) and presbyopes (lower panels), estimated as differences of logMAR VA with the MCLs and NoLens, averaged across subjects. Lens condition is identified by color—Orange: LowAdd; Green: MediumAdd; Purple: HighAdd. Accommodation condition is identified by fill pattern (solid symbols: paralyzed accommodation; open symbols: natural accommodation). Regression lines are shown as black solid lines for the paralyzed condition and dashed lines for the natural accommodation condition.
Fig 9.
Visual imbalance across the VA curve.
(A) young adults (B) presbyopes across paralyzed (solid symbols) and natural accommodation (open symbols) for different lenses, showing the averaged data (averaged across all subjects). (Lens condition identified by color—Red: NoLens; Orange: LowAdd; Green: MediumAdd; Purple: HighAdd). Regression lines shown as black solid lines for paralyzed condition and dashed lines for natural accommodation condition.