Table 1.
Summary of advantages and disadvantages of vitrectomy and cataract surgery using 3D microscopy.
Fig 1.
Pictures of the microscope and display monitor.
The operating microscope (left) with the image capture module (ICM) sends up to 3 GB image information per second to the embedded processing unit (EPU), and the sent image was projected onto the 3D display (right).
Fig 2.
Images of the angle in pig eyes under various conditions and examples of measurements of luminance with ImageJ®.
(A) Trabecular meshwork (TM) area (without image processing). (B) Posterior corneal (Cor) area (without image processing). (C) TM area (Condition 1). (D) Cor area (Condition 1). (E) TM area (Condition 2). (F) Cor area (Condition 2). The imaging conditions for NGENUITY® are described as follows. Both brightness and contrast were changed for each condition. Without image processing: The brightness was 47.8 cd/m2, and the contrast was 54.9 arb. units. Condition 1: The brightness was reduced from 47.8 cd/m2 to 40.5 cd/m2, and the contrast was increased from 54.9 arb. units to 65.2 arb. units. Condition 2: The brightness was reduced from 47.8 cd/m2 to 40.3 cd/m2, and the contrast was increased from 54.9 arb. units to 73.8 arb. units. The 0.5 mm × 3.5 mm area of the angle was used as the analysis area in all images.
Fig 3.
Images of the angle in human eyes under various conditions and examples of measurements of luminance with ImageJ®.
(A) Trabecular meshwork (TM) area (without image processing). (B) Posterior corneal (Cor) area (without image processing). (C) TM area (Condition 1’). (D) Cor area (Condition 1’). (E) TM area (Condition 2’). (F) Cor area (Condition 2’). The imaging conditions of NGENUITY® are described as follows. Only the contrast was changed for each condition. Without image processing’: The brightness was 47.8 cd/m2, and the contrast was 54.9 arb. units. Condition 1’: Brightness was kept at 47.8 cd/m2, and contrast was increased from 54.9 arb. units to 65.5 arb. units. Condition 2’: Brightness was kept at 47.8 cd/m2, and contrast was increased from 54.9 arb. units to 75.5 arb. units. The 0.5 mm × 3.5 mm area of the angle was used as the analysis area in all images.
Fig 4.
Example of surgeon posture and measurement of working distance in microscope-assisted trabeculotomy (MS-LOT) and image-processing-assisted trabeculotomy (IP-LOT).
(A) Surgeon’s posture in MS-LOT. (B) Surgeon’s posture in IP-LOT. To evaluate the working distance, the distance from the operative eye to the surgeon’s abdomen was measured, as indicated by the length of the arrow above.
Table 2.
Differences in luminance in angles in 5 pig eyes and 11 human eyes under each condition.
Fig 5.
The average difference in luminance in pig and human eyes under each condition and in the working distances.
(A) Image-processing-assisted trabeculotomy (IP-LOT) for 5 pig eyes. There were significant differences between no processing and condition 1 and between no processing and condition 2 (n = 5, p < 0.05). (B) IP-LOT for 11 human eyes. There were significant differences between no processing’ and condition 1’ (n = 11, p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between no processing’ and condition 2’. (C) Working distance in microscope-assisted trabeculotomy (MS-LOT) and IP-LOT. The working distance in IP-LOT was significantly shorter than that in MS-LOT (n = 12, p < 0.05).
Table 3.
Working distance in 12 surgeons.