Fig 1.
Reported personal information from surveyed undergraduate students.
Additional characteristics (parental education, alcohol and tobacco use and personal care and cosmetic use) are tabulated in Hart et al. [25].
Table 1.
Summary of measured urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations.
Geometric mean1, median (and interquartile range) concentrations (ng/mL) and number [N] above and below specific gravity (S.G.) of 1.03 in addition to unadjusted and S.G.-adjusted (using sample mean S.G.) concentrations for the entire dataset. Maximum concentrations detected in the entire dataset (all data) [N = 215] are also given2.
Table 2.
Geometric mean unadjusted concentrations (ng/mL) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of urinary phthalate metabolites in comparison to reference populations.
Fig 2.
Geometric mean adjusted concentrations for college-aged (18–22 years old) females (filled circles) and for all females (open circles) in NHANES reported in the 4th National Assessment [22] over time for A) MEP, B) MiBP and C) MBP. Bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Note, not all data are for women with college educations. See S3 Table for sample sizes over time. Years when college-aged females have detectably different phthalate metabolite concentrations using log-transformed adjusted concentrations by ANOVA with Tukey’s significance test (p<0.05) are shown with different letters in each panel.
Fig 3.
Distribution profile of phthalate metabolites using geometric mean concentrations.
Female college students (present study, N = 215) are compared to pregnant adults in another local study by Wenzel et al. [17] (N = 378) and females sampled in NHANES in 2015–2016 (all age 3–80 years, N = 1501) as well as NHANES combined 2013–2014 and 2015–2016 cycles for All college-aged (18–22 years) (N = 184) and non-hispanic white college-aged (N = 56) females.