Fig 1.
Differences in species richness and diversity between extensive pastures and traditional hay meadows.
Sampling-unit (i.e. transects) based interpolation (continuous lines) and extrapolation (dashed lines, up to double the number of sampling units) of (A) plant and (B) pollinator species richness and diversity using Hill numbers. Intensive pastures had significantly lower plant and insect species richness and diversity than hay meadows (95% confidence intervals are highlighted by shaded areas). The coloured dots denote the level of diversity assessed for the number of sampled units per meadow type (i.e. 30 for hay meadows, 16 for pastures).
Fig 2.
Differences in functional group richness and diversity between intensive pastures and traditional hay meadows.
Sampling-unit (i.e. transects) based interpolation (continuous lines) and extrapolation (dashed lines, up to double the number of sampling units) of (A) plant and (B) pollinator functional group diversity using Hill numbers. Plant functional group richness was similar between hay meadows and pastures, while insect functional richness and plant and insect functional group diversity were significantly lower in intensive pastures (95% confidence intervals are highlighted by shaded areas). The coloured dots denote the level of functional group diversity assessed for the number of sampled units per meadow type (i.e. 30 for hay meadows, 16 for pastures).
Fig 3.
Differences in plant and pollinator functional group composition between intensive pastures and traditional hay meadows.
Relative abundance of functional groups in hay meadows and pastures: (A) flowering plants (based on relative cover of floral functional traits); (B) pollinators (based on relative frequency of functional traits). (*) denotes significant differences between management types (non-parametric analysis of variance, p < 0.05).
Fig 4.
Plant-pollinator network structure.
Interaction-based rarefaction curves comparing network metrics between hay meadows (blue) and pastures (pink). Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals. Plant and pollinator icons mark metrics calculated for either one of the two trophic levels, while graphs without icons were calculated for both trophic levels (drawings by S. C. Herbst and L. P. Sittel, CC BY-SA 4.0).
Fig 5.
The role of species within plant-pollinator networks.
Species level metrics for (A) T. repens and (B) A. mellifera. Comparison of species-level network metrics between hay meadows (blue) and pastures (pink) rarefied for pooled interactions. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals.