Fig 1.
Chronology of the temporal land use diversity of the study area with sampling locations.
Table 1.
List of abbreviations and definitions.
Table 2.
Impact of deforestation and subsequent land-use diversity on total organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), active carbon (AC), fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), humin, and glucose equivalent total non-humic carbon (NH), fulvic acid associated glucose equivalent non-humic carbon (FANH), and humic acid associated glucose equivalent non-humic carbon (HANH) contents at different soil depths.
Fig 2.
Impact of deforestation and subsequent land-use diversity on change in total organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), active carbon (AC), fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), humin, and glucose equivalent total non-humic carbon (NH), fluvic acid associated glucose equivalent total non-humic carbon (FANH), and humic acid glucose equivalent total non-humic carbon (HANH) stocks in soil profile (0–30 cm), relative to the forest.
Data were presented with mean ± standard error.
Table 3.
Impact of deforestation and subsequent land-use diversity on blk density (ρb), total organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), active carbon (AC), fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), humin, and glucose equivalent total non-humic carbon (NH), fluvic acid associated glucose equivalent total non-humic carbon (FANH), and humic acid glucose equivalent total non-humic carbon (HANH) stocks at different soil depths.
Table 4.
Impact of deforestation and subsequent land-use diversity on total organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), active carbon (AC), fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), humin, and glucose equivalent total non-humic carbon (NH), fluvic acid associated glucose equivalent total non-humic carbon (FANH), and humic acid glucose equivalent total non-humic carbon (HANH) stocks in soil profile (0–30 cm).
Table 5.
Impact of deforestation and subsequent land-use diversity on the stratification of total organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), active carbon (AC), fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), humin, and glucose equivalent total non-humic carbon (NH), fluvic acid associated glucose equivalent total non-humic carbon (FANH), and humic acid glucose equivalent total non-humic carbon (HANH) pools at different soil depths.
Fig 3.
Impact of deforestation and subsequent land-use diversity on humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) distribution and humification characteristics of organic carbon at different soil depths (data were presented with mean ± standard error).
Fig 4.
Impact of deforestation and subsequent land-use diversity on spectral characteristics of fluvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) components of total organic carbon at different soil depths (data were presented with mean ± standard error).
Fig 5.
Impact of deforestation and subsequent land-use diversity on active carbon (AC), fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), and glucose equivalent total non-humic carbon (NH) lability at different soil depths (data were presented with mean ± standard error).
Fig 6.
Impact of deforestation and subsequent land-use diversity on active carbon (AC), fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), and glucose equivalent total non-humic carbon (NH) lability indices at different soil depths (data were presented with mean ± standard error).
Table 6.
Impact of deforestation and subsequent land-use diversity on the carbon and nitrogen pool (CPI and NPI) and management indices (CMI), calculated based on active carbon (AC), fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), and glucose equivalent total non-humic carbon (NH) pools at different soil depths.
Fig 7.
Relationship between total organic carbon and nitrogen pool indices upon deforestation and subsequent land-use diversity (data were presented with mean ± standard error).
Fig 8.
Principal components analysis (a) and redundancy analysis (RDA) on 12 soil parameters as influenced by land-use management systems [Agri: Agriculture; Bioen: Bioenergy; CRP: Conservation Research program; and Forest, Wetl: Wetland].
Soil parameters: AC is active carbon, CPI is carbon pool index, FA is fulvic acid, FANH is fulvic acid associated non-humic carbon, HA is humic acid, HANH is humic acid associated non-humic carbon, NH is glucose equivalent non-humic carbon, NPI is nitrogen pool index, ρb is soil bulk density, and TN is total nitrogen.