Fig 1.
Symptoms of OLA anthracnose on leaves in the field.
A-C: Symptoms of big necrotic lesion and small spots. D: Coalesce of small and big spots.
Fig 2.
Annealing temperature of corresponding gene is given in the box.
Table 1.
List of 32 representative isolates of seven Colletotrichum spp. collected from leaf spot of OLA in South Korea, with collection details and GenBank accession numbers.
Fig 3.
A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on ITS, and TUB2 sequences from 32 isolates from OLA and representative isolates of the different Colletotrichum species complexes.
Bootstrap values ≥ 50% are shown at the nodes. The isolates selected for further phylogenetic analysis are shown in bold. The scale bar indicates 0.02 substitutions per site.
Fig 4.
A Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree (50% majority consensus) of 54 isolates of the C. gloeosporioides species complex.
The tree is rooted with C. boninense (MAFF305972). The tree was constructed using a concatenated data set of ITS, ACT, TUB2, CHS-1, and GAPDH sequences. Bayesian posterior probability (PP ≥ 0.50) and maximum likelihood bootstrap support values (ML ≥ 50) are shown at the nodes. *Indicates the ex-type strains. The isolates collected in this study are indicated in bold. Colored blocks indicate clades containing isolates from Atractylodes ovata in this study. The scale bar indicates 0.2 expected changes per site.
Fig 5.
A Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree (50% majority consensus) of 31 isolates in the C. orchidearum species complex.
The tree is rooted with C. merremiae (CBS 124955) and C. magnum (CBS 51997). The tree was constructed using a concatenated data set of ITS, ACT, TUB2, CHS-1 and GAPDH sequences. Bayesian posterior probability (PP ≥ 0.50) and maximum likelihood bootstrap support values (ML ≥ 50) are shown at the nodes. *Indicates the ex-type strains. The isolates collected in this study are indicated in bold. Coloured blocks indicate clades containing isolates from Atractylodes ovata in this study. The scale bar indicates 0.5 expected changes per site.
Fig 6.
A Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree (50% majority consensus) of 31 isolates in the C. magnum species complex.
The tree was constructed using a concatenated data set of ITS, ACT, TUB2, and GAPDH sequences. Bayesian posterior probability (PP ≥ 0.50) and maximum likelihood bootstrap support values (ML ≥ 50) are shown at the nodes. The isolates collected in this study are indicated in bold. *Indicates the ex-type strains. Coloured blocks indicate clades containing isolates from Atractylodes ovata in this study. The scale bar indicates 0.2 expected changes per site. Colletotrichum orchidearum (CBS 135131) and C. dracaenophilum (CBS 118199) were used as out-group.
Fig 7.
The result of the pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) tests of closely related species using both LogDet transformation and splits decomposition.
Resulting PHI test value (Φw) < 0.05 indicate significant recombination within the dataset.
Fig 8.
Morphological characteristics of C. cigarro (isolate SPL93).
A: Colony on PDA above and below. B: Conidioma. C: Conidia. D: Appressoria.
Fig 9.
Morphological characteristics of C. fructicola (isolate 3C2).
A: Colony on PDA above and below. B: Conidia. C: Appressoria D: Perithecium. E: Ascus. F: Ascospores.
Fig 10.
Morphological characteristics of C. gloeosporioides s.s. (isolate SPL912).
A: Colony on PDA above and below. B: Conidioma. C: Conidia. D: Appressoria.
Fig 11.
Morphological characteristics of C. ovetaense (isolate T72).
A: Colony on PDA above and below. B: Hyphal coil C: Conidioma. D-E: Conidia. F: Appressoria. G-I: Conidiophores.
Fig 12.
Morphological characteristics of C. plurivorum (isolate SPML22).
A: Colony on PDA above and below. B: Conidia. C: Appressoria D: Perithecia. E: Ascus. F: Ascospore.
Fig 13.
Morphological characteristics of C. siamense (isolate SPL2136).
A: Colony on PDA above and below. B: Conidioma. C: Conidia. D: Appressoria.
Fig 14.
Morphological characteristics of C. sojae (isolate M72).
A-B: Colony on PDA above and below. C: Conidia. D: Appressoria.
Fig 15.
Box plots showing the variation in length and width of conidia produced in PDA.
Table 2.
Growth of Colletotrichum spp. on different culture media after seven days.
Fig 16.
Effect of temperature on mycelium growth rates of Colletotrichum spp. different line type represent the mean growth rates of different species at the tested temperatures.
Non-linear regression (Gaussian process) was used to determine the optimum temperature for mycelial growth.
Fig 17.
The prevalence of Colletotrichum species isolated from OLA.
A: Overall isolation rate (%) of Colletotrichum species. B: isolation rate (%) of Colletotrichum species from each sampled area.
Fig 18.
The symptoms of OLA leaves induced by Colletotrichum spp. with unwounded and wounded inoculation.
The lesion on leaves were photographed seven days post inoculation. The left side of each leaflet was inoculated with 10 μl spore suspension (106 spores/ml) and the right side with water (control).
Table 3.
Infection rates and disease incidence of Colletotrichum spp. inoculated on leaves of Atractylodes ovata.
Fig 19.
Lesion diameter on OLA leaves after wound-inoculation with different Colletotrichum species.
Data were analyzed with SAS 9.4 by one-way ANOVA and means were compare using lsd test at the level of P = 0.05. Data (mean ± standard error) with different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 (n = 12).