Fig 1.
Flow diagram showing participants flow through the randomized controlled trial and primary and crossover results analysis.
Table 1.
Baseline features of enrolled individuals.
Fig 2.
Individual and group mean total lean mass, leg lean mass, fat mass and visceral adipose tissue, compared between FESRT and SOC and subgroups AO and WL. Results of regression analysis indicated significantly higher time dependent increase in total lean mass and leg lean mass in FESRT compared to SOC (p values = 0.006 and,0.012 respectively). Both FESRT and AO training were associated with a greater increase in total lean mass compared to WL (Δ3647 grams, p = 0.001 and Δ2522 grams, p = 0.017 respectively).
Fig 3.
Individual and group mean legs, pelvis and total bone mineral density compared between FESRT and SOC and subgroups AO and WL. Results of regression analysis indicated significantly lower time dependent decrease in total BMD and pelvis BMD of FESRT group compared to SOC (p = 0.039 and p = 0.028 respectively). Although the results for legs BMD were not statistically significant, a similar tendency was detected for this variable (p = 0.14, R-squared = 0.21).
Table 2.
Comparison of serum lipids, HbA1C levels, plasma glucose, plasma insulin and insulin sensitivity after six months of exercise.
Fig 4.
BMI and body fat percentage association.
Scatter plot showing each participant’s initial BMI with matching calculated body fat percentage through DXA imaging. Normal population and spinal cord injury patients overweight BMI cut-off values of 25 and 22 are represented as horizontal lines respectively. Body fat percentage obesity cut off values of 25% (male) and 35% (female) are also represented as a vertical line.