Fig 1.
Relationship between the prominence of an antecedent and the form of the pronominal expression that is necessary to refer to it: The more prominent the antecedent, the more reduced the pronominal form.
Fig 2.
Preference for sentence interpretation.
The proportion of subject- and object-match answers for sentences containing a null or overt pronoun. Error bars represent the standard error of the model’s predictions.
Fig 3.
Naturalness judgment of Experiment 1.
The naturalness rating of the sentences collected in Experiment 1. Error bars represent the standard error of the model’s predictions.
Table 1.
Mean scores and SD for the naturalness judgment of the experimental stimuli.
Table 2.
Proficiency in the selected skills in L1 (Polish) and L2 (English) reported by the participants in a self-rated questionnaire.
Fig 4.
Mean fixation times for sentences containing an overt pronoun.
(A) The eye-tracking measures for the critical area of interest (pronoun + verb). (B) The eye-tracking measures for the post-critical area of interest (rest1). Error bars represent standard errors of the model’s predictions.
Table 3.
Linear mixed-effect models’ estimates for fixed and random effects for the first-pass, go-past, and total time analyses for the critical area of interest in sentences containing overt pronouns.
Table 4.
Linear mixed-effect models’ estimates for fixed and random effects for first-pass, go-past, and total time analyses for the post-critical area of interest in sentences containing overt pronouns.
Fig 5.
Mean fixation times for sentences containing a null pronoun.
(A) The eye-tracking measures for the critical area of interest (Ø + verb). (B) The eye-tracking measures for the post-critical area of interest (rest1). Error bars represent the standard errors of the model’s predictions.
Table 5.
Linear mixed-effect models’ estimates for fixed and random effects for the first-pass time, go-past time, and total time analyses for the critical area of interest in sentences containing null pronouns.
Table 6.
Linear mixed-effect models’ estimates for fixed and random effects for the first-pass, go-past, and total time analyses for the post-critical area of interest in sentences containing null pronouns.
Fig 6.
The naturalness rating of the sentences used in the eye-tracking experiment. Error bars represent standard errors of the model’s predictions.
Table 7.
Mean scores and SD for the naturalness judgements of the experimental stimuli.