Fig 1.
Economic pressure across industries and time.
Note: Fig reports the cumulative difference in layoffs between 2020 and 2019 in percent as reported by the official statistics. Industry definition following Federal Office of Statistics (2021a). Source: Federal Employment Agency [3], own calculations.
Fig 2.
Reported layoffs and official statistics across industries.
Note: Fig compares layoffs as reported by the survey respondents over time and across industries and compares them to official statistics. Source: Federal Employment Agency [3], own calculations.
Fig 3.
Raw difference between migrant and native layoffs.
Note: Fig compares unadjusted layoff and short-time work propensity as reported by survey respondents with a migration background and without by the magnitude of the industry-specific economic shock (measured by the difference in newly unemployed between 2020 and the reference month in 2019). Local polynomial regression (bw = 0.2). Strongest cumulative change observed in service industry (+101% unemployed compared to 2019). S1 Fig shows the corresponding trends for the restricted sample of respondents surveyed in April and May (onset and peak of the shock). Source: Federal Employment Agency [3], own calculations.
Table 1.
Heterogeneous firm responses to the economic downturn.
Fig 4.
Heterogeneous layoff patterns across crisis magnitudes.
Note: Fig provides marginal effects of industry-specific crisis exposure on migrants’ and natives’ layoff/short-time work probability in Panels A and B, respectively. The corresponding regression is presented in S5 Table. Source: Federal Employment Agency (2021), own calculations.
Fig 5.
Labor court rulings and economic growth.
Note: Fig presents the development of German labor court rulings dealing with layoffs over time and compares these numbers with GDP growth. Source: Federal Office of Statistics [99], own calculations.