Fig 1.
Ancient traffic routes in Qinghai province (202 B.C.–907 A.D.).
Fig 2.
Distribution of case studies.
Fig 3.
Research method framework.
Table 1.
List of case studies.
Fig 4.
Historical and cultural background of the construction history of Kumbum Monastery.
Fig 5.
Evolution of palace buildings in Tibetan monasteries (from the 7th to 20th century).
Fig 6.
Spatial features of the palace buildings of type I.
(W, width of the Palace Halls; D, depth of the Palace Halls).
Table 2.
Dimensions of the planar column network of the palace space for type I.
Fig 7.
Spatial features of the palace buildings in type II.
(W, width of the Palace Halls; D, depth of the Palace Halls).
Fig 8.
Plan and section of the Golden Tile Temple.
Fig 9.
Spatial features of the palace buildings of type 3.
(W, width of the Palace Halls; D, depth of the Palace Halls; N, the number of pillars).
Fig 10.
Section of the Great Chanting Hall.
Fig 11.
Elevation of the Great Chanting Hall.
Fig 12.
Spatial features of the palace buildings of type 4.
(W, width of the Palace Halls; D, depth of the Palace Halls).
Fig 13.
Examples of the four types of palace spaces in the buildings of the grand halls of Buddhas and Buddhist colleges.
Fig 14.
Distribution of 4 types of palace buildings in Kumbum Monastery.
Fig 15.
Evolution of 4 types of palace buildings in Kumbum Monastery.