Fig 1.
Localities for materials of the present study (solid black squares) and distribution map of the five clades (from Fig 2B) comprised within the P. bidens complex, with percentages of each clade in each locality of the study. Map reprinted from Natural Earth (public domain) [http://www.naturalearthdata.com/] under a CC BY license.
Fig 2.
A. Specimen of Parasesarma bidens from Hainan (China) with live colours. B. COX1 (742 bp of the 3’ end) consensus Bayesian tree topology constructed with BEAST. Values on tree branches from left to right refer to bootstrap values in ML, posterior probabilities in BI, and estimated divergence time [ranges in parenthesis], respectively for each corresponding node. P. eumolpe, P. indiarum and P. peninsulare were selected as outgroups. Abbreviations: Ph, Philippines; Ch, China; Jp, Japan; In, Indonesia.
Fig 3.
Maximum parsimony haplotype network, constructed with PopART. A. for the 3’ end of COX1 (618 bp). B. for 16S rRNA (529 bp). Hatch marks represent mutation steps. Ph, Philippines; Ch, China, Jp, Japan; In, Indonesia.
Table 1.
Statistical diversity indices (in five here recovered phylogenetic clades and main localities of each clade) and neutrality tests (Fu’s Fs) (in the five clades) based on 618 bp of Cox1 (the 3’ end). Indices were calculated with DnaSP 5.10, and the neutrality test carried out with ARLEQUIN 3.5. Pairwise ΦST values among the main populations of each clade and Harpending’s raggedness index were calculated in ARLEQUIN 3.5.2.2.
Table 2.
Summary of hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on 618 bp of Cox1 (the 3’ end).
Fig 4.
Distribution of pairwise COX1 (618 bp of the 3’ end) differences (mismatch distribution graphs) for the five clades comprised within the P. bidens complex, calculated with DnaSP.