Fig 1.
Funnel plot with pseudo 95% confidence limits regarding (a) Crop yield, (b) GWP, (c) CH4, (d) N2O and (e) CO2.
Fig 2.
Overall percentage change and 95% CI of crop yield and GHG emissions response to SM.
The vertical lines indicate percentage change is zero. Numbers besides the bar indicate a cumulative number of studies.
Fig 3.
The effect of SM on crop yield and GHG emissions depending on the varied (a) crop types and (b) irrigation methods. Effect size = 0 (dotted line) indicates no effect. Numbers beside each bar indicate comparison numbers and the error bars indicate CI. The effect size is considered significant if the CI >0, and the effect size of two treatments are considered significantly different if the CI of the treatments does not overlap each other.
Fig 4.
The effect of SM on crop yield and GHG emissions depending on the varied (a) mulching materials, (b) mulching patterns and (C) mulching area. Effect size = 0 (dotted line) indicates no effect. Numbers beside each bar indicate comparison numbers and the error bars indicate CI. The effect size is considered significant if the CI >0, and the effect size of two treatments are considered significantly different if the CI of the treatments does not overlap each other.
Fig 5.
The effect of SM on crop yield and GHG emissions depending on the varied (a) soil bulk density and (b) pH values. Effect size = 0 (dotted line) indicates no effect. Numbers beside each bar indicate comparison numbers and the error bars indicate CI. The effect size is considered significant if the CI >0, and the effect size of two treatments are considered significantly different if the CI of the treatments does not overlap each other.
Fig 6.
The effect of SM on crop yield and GHG emissions depending on the varied (a) annual average temperature and (b) annual average precipitation. Effect size = 0 (dotted line) indicates no effect. Numbers beside each bar indicate comparison numbers and the error bars indicate CI. The effect size is considered significant if the CI >0, and the effect size of two treatments are considered significantly different if the CI of the treatments does not overlap each other.