Table 1.
Search strategy for artificial intelligence patents.
Fig 1.
AI patent applications and grants by year.
Table 2.
AI patents by countries.
Fig 2.
a. AI all patent applications, top 10 countries, 1991–2019. b. AI transnational patent applications, top 10 countries, 1991–2019.
Fig 3.
AI co-patenting relationships, top 20 countries (by inventor addresses).
Table 3.
Leading assignees, AI patent applications, 1991–2019.
Fig 4.
Collaboration networks, top 150 AI patenting applicant organizations, 1991–2019.
Fig 5.
Citation networks, top 150 citing and cited AI patenting organizations, 1991–2019.
Table 4.
Top 25 technological high-impact organizations, based on AI patent citations, 1991–2019.
Fig 6.
The distribution of technology diffusion capacity and absorptive capacity of organizations.
Table 5.
Top IPCs for AI patent applications, 1991–2019.
Fig 7.
Key technology routes for AI patents.