Fig 1.
Arabidopsis plants at the time of harvest for aerial biomass assay.
Fig 2.
Aerial dry biomass of Arabidopsis plants grown in sterile potting mix.
Fig 3.
Total and average Arabidopsis seed mass collected in potting mix experiments.
Arabidopsis thaliana was grown to maturity and the seeds collected by Aracon tubes. Treatments refer to the composition of the substrate in which Arabidopsis plants were grown. The NoMillet Control was autoclaved SureMix. All other treatments were autoclaved SureMix substrate mixed 97:3 v:v with sterile grain-based inoculum (Uninoculated), or grain-based inoculum colonized by one of four Linnemannia elongata strains (NVP64cu, NVP64wt, NVP80cu, or NVP80wt). N = 5 for all treatments. Colors correspond to treatment, horizontal brackets and numbers indicate pairwise Wilcox ranked sum tests and the resulting p-value. Between NVP64cu v. NVP64wt, NVP80cu v. NVP80wt, and NoMillet v. Uninoculated, we used two-tailed tests. Between each fungal treatment and the Uninoculated, we performed one-tailed tests with the alternative hypothesis “greater” for total seed mass & “less” for average seed mass. a) Total seed mass collected. b) Average seed mass was determined by weighing and then counting a subset of seeds taken from the total seed mass.
Fig 4.
Table 1.
Fig 5.
Colonization of Arabidopsis roots by Linnemannia elongata.
a-f) NVP64cu at 25 days post inoculation, g-l) NVP80cu at 23 days post inoculation. a,g) Fluorescence signal from calcofluor white M2R staining; b,h) signal from wheat germ agglutinin 640R staining c-f,i-l) merged fluorescence. d-f,j-l) Orthogonal z-stack projections of root micrographs. a-l) White arrows indicate plant wall structures showing hyphae (blue) contained within intracellular spaces by plant cell walls (red). Scale bars represent 20 μm.
Fig 6.
Abundance of differentially expressed Arabidopsis genes.
Arabidopsis thaliana genes differentially expressed (DEGs) in roots colonized with Linnemannia elongata as compared to the uninoculated control, identified using DESeq2 with fold-change threshold of 1.5 and p-value threshold of 0.05. a) A Venn diagram of all DEGs in the final, filtered dataset. b) A bar graph of all DEGs, split between up- and down-regulated. c-d) Venn diagrams of c) up- and d) down-regulated DEGs identified for each fungal treatment.
Table 2.
Subset of Arabidopsis genes differentially expressed in response to Linnemannia elongata.
Fig 7.
GO enrichment of up and down regulated genes.
The ten GO categories with the strongest enrichment are displayed for both a) up and b) down regulated genes in response to fungal treatment. Color corresponds to the adjusted p-value according to the Benjamini-Hochberg Procedure while dot size corresponds to the number of differentially expressed genes matching a given GO category.