Table 1.
Population demographics.
Fig 1.
Average normalized EMG of young adults, older adults, and KOA patients.
Solid lines represent population average. Shaded areas represent ± one standard deviation.
Fig 2.
Total variability accounted for by n modules.
* indicate significant pairwise differences between populations.
Fig 3.
Young adult (YA) modular control.
Bar heights represent the average bootstrapped muscle weights for the respective subject for the respective module. Error bars represent standard deviation of the bootstrapped weights. Bold, colored curves represent average activation timing profile across all subjects with the respective module. Gray curves represent individual subject activation timing profiles. Muscle abbreviations: rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), medial hamstrings (MH), biceps femoris (BF), medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), soleus (SO).
Fig 4.
Healthy older (HO) adult modular control.
Bar heights represent the average bootstrapped muscle weights for the respective subject for the respective module. Error bars represent standard deviation of the bootstrapped weights. Bold, colored curves represent average activation timing profile across all subjects with the respective module. Gray curves represent individual subject activation timing profiles. Muscle abbreviations: rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), medial hamstrings (MH), biceps femoris (BF), medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), soleus (SO).
Fig 5.
Bar heights represent the average bootstrapped muscle weights for the respective subject for the respective module. Error bars represent standard deviation of the bootstrapped weights. Bold, colored curves represent average activation timing profile across all subjects with the respective module. Gray curves represent individual subject activation timing profiles. Muscle abbreviations: rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), medial hamstrings (MH), biceps femoris (BF), medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), soleus (SO).
Table 2.
Common module pearson correlation coefficients between populations.
Table 3.
Number of participants with correlated module within population*.
Table 4.
Wmusc and Wsum for common modules.
Fig 6.
Area under the curve for common module activation timing profiles with significant differences between populations.
Fig 7.
Population sagittal plane joint angles and joint moments (normalized to body weight and height).
Solid lines represent population average and shaded error bars represent ± one standard deviation. Positive values represent hip flexion, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion angles and hip extension, knee extension, and ankle plantarflexion moments.
Table 5.
Peak joint angles and moments.
Table 6.
Peak joint angles and moments by common module.
Table 7.
Self-selected walking speed* (m/s) by population and number of modules.
Table 8.
Knee osteoarthritis clinical assessments by module group.
Fig 8.
Average muscle EMG for the KOA participant with one module (KOA 10).
Muscle abbreviations: rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), medial hamstrings (MH), biceps femoris (BF), medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), soleus (SO).