Fig 1.
An illustration of methodology for hydrolysis of Bighead carp muscle using endogenous digestive enzymes from adult LMB.
Table 1.
Formulations and proximate and amino acid composition of experimental diets.
Fig 2.
SDS-PAGE of Bighead carp muscle hydrolysate.
10% T denaturing SDS PAGE of Bighead carp muscle hydrolysate obtained using adult largemouth bass endogenous digestive enzymes. The treatments presented are as follows: Lane 1—LAD–protein ladder (marker; 200–10 kDa from top to bottom); Lane 2-CNTL–control, muscle homogenate and enzymatic cocktail mix after heat shock, no enzymatic digestion; Lane 3-Blank–electrophoretic blank sample; Lane 4-SD–stomach digestion, muscles enzymatically hydrolyzed in acid pH; Lane 5-B-ID–blank intestinal digestion, muscles incubated in acid and alkaline pH without LMB digestive enzyme extract; Lane 6-Blank–electrophoretic blank sample; Lane 7-ID–intestinal digestion, muscles enzymatically hydrolyzed in acid and alkaline pH; Lane 8-B-SD–muscles incubated in acid pH without LMB digestive enzyme extract; Lane 9, 10—LAD–protein ladder.
Table 2.
Treatment effect on growth performance and survival measures.
Fig 3.
Occurrence of individual skeletal deformities.
The individual skeletal deformities in LMB fed control diet (intact muscle protein-based) and Bighead carp muscle hydrolysate-based diet. The black dots represent individual data points from the replicate tanks. Different letters indicate statistical difference at p>0.05.
Fig 4.
Percentage of total skeletal deformities in LMB fed control diet (intact muscle protein-based) and Bighead carp muscle hydrolysate-based diet. The black dots represent total skeletal deformities from the replicate tanks. Different letters indicate statistical difference at p<0.05.
Fig 5.
Free glycine levels in LMB muscle.
Muscle free glycine levels in LMB after 3 weeks of feeding Control diet (non-hydrolyzed Asian carp muscle-based) and Hydro diet (50% Asian carp muscle hydrolysate-based). The bars represent free glycine level 3-hours after feeding. The line indicates free glycine physiological baseline. The black dots represent average free glycine levels from the replicate tanks. Different letters indicate statistical difference at p<0.05.
Fig 6.
Muscle free amino acid levels in LMB.
Muscle free amino acid levels in LMB after 3 weeks of feeding Control diet (non-hydrolyzed Asian carp muscle-based) and Hydro diet (50% Asian carp muscle hydrolysate-based). The bars represent free amino acid levels 3-hours after feeding. The line indicates FAA physiological baseline. The black dots represent the free FAA levels from the replicate tanks. Different letters indicate statistical difference at p<0.05.
Table 3.
Postprandial muscle free amino acid levels in LMB.