Table 1.
Koala specimens used in this study.
Table 2.
Observed koala muscles in this study.
Fig 1.
Superficial layer muscles of gluteal and posterior femoral regions in a koala right hind limb.
(a) The superficial gluteal muscles, the gluteus superficialis (GSu) and superficial part of the gluteus medius (GMS), and some cutaneous nerves are shown. (b) The thigh flexors and some cutaneous nerves are shown. (c) Illustrated schematic drawing of the superficial layer muscles of gluteal and posterior femoral regions. Abbreviations: BF, biceps femoris; GF, gluteal fascia; GMS, superficial layer of the gluteus medius; GR, gracilis; GrT, greater trochanter; GSu, gluteus superficialis; HB, hamstring bundle; ICN, inferior cluneal nerve; MCN, middle cluneal nerve; PFCN, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve; SCN, superior cluneal nerve; ST, semitendinosus; STR, semitendinosus raphe; VL, vastus lateralis.
Fig 2.
Deep layer muscles of gluteal and posterior femoral regions in a koala right hind-limb.
(a) The deep gluteus muscles and several nerves including muscular branches are shown. (a) The deep tibial nerve (DTN) and deep gluteus muscles deep to the piriformis (PI) and ischiofemoralis (IF) are shown. (b) The innervating branches to the thigh flexors are shown. (c) Schematic drawing of deep gluteal muscles, thigh flexors, and innervating branches. White arrowheads indicate the innervating branch from the deep tibial nerve (DTN) to the hamstring bundle (HB). Abbreviations: AM, adductor magnus; BF, biceps femoris; DTN, deep tibial nerve; GlT, gluteal tuberosity; GMD, deep layer of the gluteus medius; GMS, superficial layer of the gluteus medius; GrT, greater trochanter; GSu, gluteus superficialis; HB, hamstring bundle; IF, ischiofemoralis; IG, inferior gemellus; IGN, inferior gluteal nerve; PFCN, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve; PI, piriformis; SG, superior gemellus; SGN, superior gluteal nerve; SM, semimembranosus; SN, sciatic nerve; ST, semitendinosus; VL, vastus lateralis.
Fig 3.
Deepest layer muscles of gluteus region and its innervations in koala right hip.
(a) The superficial and deep layers of the gluteus medius (GMS and GMD), gluteus minimus (GMi), and the innervating branch from the superior gluteal nerve (SGN) are shown. (b) Gemellus and internal obturator muscles and supplying branch from the deep tibial nerve (DTN) are shown. (c) Schematic drawing of the deepest layer of gluteus muscles and its innervations. Abbreviations: DTN, deep tibial nerve; GlT, gluteal tuberosity; GMD, deep layer of the gluteus medius; GMi, gluteus minimus; GMS, superficial layer of the gluteus medius; GrT, greater trochanter; IG, inferior gemellus; IGN, inferior gluteal nerve; IO, internal obturator; PI, piriformis; SG, superior gemellus; SGN, superior gluteal nerve; SN, sciatic nerve.
Fig 4.
Right lumbosacral plexus in koalas.
Photograph and illustrated corresponding schematic drawing. White and black asterisks indicate branches forming the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve and the innervating branch to the piriformis and ischiofemoralis after leaving the greater sciatic foramen. Abbreviations: DTN, deep tibial nerve; FN, femoral nerve; GSF, greater sciatic foramen; IGN, inferior gluteal nerve; LT, lumbosacral trunk; ON, obturator nerve; PN, pudendal nerve; SGN, superior gluteal nerve; SN, sciatic nerve.