Table 1.
Definitions of sanitation indicators.
Table 2.
Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of study households (n = 5,615)1.
Fig 1.
Toilet ownership and open defecation practices among surveyed households.
Panel A: levels of toilet ownership among open defecators and toilet users. Panel B: levels of open defecation (“Primary OD”) among toilet owners, past owners, and non-owners. 1 We were unable to determine toilet ownership for 9 households and the primary defecation behavior for an additional 185 households. 2 Reasons for no longer owning a toilet (n = 1,319): collapse of pit (16%), superstructure (32%), or both (40%); pit filled up (10%); toilet was demolished (<1%); toilet was abandoned because household relocated (<1%); don’t know (1%).
Table 3.
Toilet characteristics among owners of functional toilets (n = 3,417)1.
Table 4.
Sanitation conditions among non-owners of functional toilets (n = 2,189).
Table 5.
Defecation behaviors of study households (n = 5,615)1.
Fig 2.
Factors associated with household-level sanitation conditions across 5,615 study households.
Each bar chart presents the results of a multivariate logistic regression for the sanitation indicator listed at the top. Error bars represent standard errors. Numerical results are available in S3 Table.
Fig 3.
Distribution (panel a) and factors associated with (panel b) community-level sanitation conditions across 109 study communities.
In panel a, the boxplots display the median, interquartile range (IQR), min, and max of the two community-level indicators. In panel b, each bar chart presents the results of a multivariate logistic regression for the sanitation indicator listed at the top. Error bars represent standard errors. Numerical results are available in S4 Table. OD = Open defecation.
Fig 4.
Community-level sanitation conditions as a function of time as measured in our survey (a-b) and as predicted by our multivariate beta regression models in the first three years following ODF verification (c-d).
In panels a-b, the boxplots display the median, interquartile range (IQR), min, and max of the two community-level indicators. The means are displayed with red dots. The predictions in panels c-d control for thirteen community-level characteristics, set to their mean values (S1 Table).