Fig 1.
PRISMA diagram.
Table 1.
Study characteristics.
Table 2.
Risk of bias assessment for randomized studies.
Table 3.
Risk of bias assessment for non-randomized studies (A, B, and C refer to coding as specified in the NOS manual).
Table 4.
Risk of bias assessment for cross-sectional studies (A, B, and C refer to coding as specified in the NOS manual).
Fig 2.
Fixed-effects meta-analysis.
Fig 3.
Subnetwork 1 forest plot, network meta-analysis.
Fig 4.
Subnetwork 2 forest plot, network meta-analysis.