Fig 1.
Flow diagram for study selection.
Table 1.
Characteristics of studies (n = 8).
Fig 2.
Risk of bias graph for studies.
Fig 3.
Funnel plot of included studies on reducing labor pain.
Fig 4.
The effect of non-pharmacological interventions for reducing labor pain.
Fig 5.
Ranking of coping strategies based on the probability of their effects on the reduction of labor pain.
The horizontal axis represents the possible ranks of preferred regimens (from left to right) for each technique. The vertical axis shows the ranking probabilities.
Table 2.
Network estimated mean differences (95% CI) in VAS scores of labor pain between regimens.
Table 3.
Ranking probabilities for the effectiveness of different coping strategies in pain relief during labor.