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Fig 1.

Flow chart of article selection process.

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Table 1.

Study characteristics.

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Table 2.

Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials.

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Table 3.

Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for assessing non-randomized trials.

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Fig 2.

Representation of cognitive tests divided into cognitive domains for studies with control group.

A: Mulrow 1990 (A1: SPMSQ); B: Tesch-Romer 1997 (B1: DSST, B2: Digit letter test B3: Spot-a-word, B4: Letter ‘s’ test, B5: Naming animals); C: van Hooren 2005 (C1*: SCWT, C2: LDST, C3: CST, C4: VVLT-immediate and -delayed, C5: Verbal fluency test); D: Obuchi 2011 (D1: dichotic listening test, D2: WAIS-R); E: Choi 2011 (E1: VVLT total, E2: Recognition score, E3: Latency score); F: Doherty 2015 (F1: Listening span test, F2: N-back test);G: Dawes 2015 (G1: MMSE, G2: DSST, G3: Trail making test A, G4: Trail making test B, G5: Auditory verbal learning, G6: Verbal fluency test); H: Karawani 2018 (H1: Working memory, H2: Flanker, H3: Processing speed); I: Brewster 2020 (I1: RBANS-Immediate Memory, I2: RBANS-Delayed Memory, I3: RBANS-Language, I4: RBANS-Attention, I5: RBANS-Visuospatial/Constructional, I6: Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test) * C1 showed significant improvement in favor of control group.

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Fig 3.

Representation of cognitive tests divided into cognitive domains for studies without control group.

A: Acar 2011 (A1: MMSE); B: Magalhães 2011 (B1: MMSE); C: Boi 2012 (C1: MMSE, C2: CDT), D: Castiglione 2016 (D1: Digit Span Test); E: Desjardins 2016 (E1: Listening Span Test, E2: Reading Span Test, E3: Auditory reaction time, E4: Stroop test, E5: DSST, E6: Corpus response measure), F: Deal 2017 (F1: Delayed word recall, F2: Logical memory A, F3: Incidental learning, F4: Word fluency, F5: Boston naming test, F6: Trail making test A, F7: Trail making test B, F8: DSST); G: Maharani 2018: (G1: immediate and delayed word recall, G2: Serial 7’s, G3: date naming); H: Sarant 2020 (H 1: GML test, H2: Detection test, H3: Identification test, H4: One card learning test, H5: One back test).

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Table 4.

Summary of cognitive outcomes.

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