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Fig 1.

Model block diagram of the single-machine system.

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Fig 1 Expand

Fig 2.

Operation mode transition diagrams of pumped storage units.

(a) A typical mode transition diagram. (b) The mode transition diagram for frequency control.

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Fig 2 Expand

Fig 3.

Principle of the under-frequency load shedding.

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Fig 3 Expand

Fig 4.

The coordination control scheme.

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Fig 4 Expand

Fig 5.

The dynamic frequency trajectory curve for the combined system of pumped storage units and UFLS.

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Fig 5 Expand

Fig 6.

Flowchart of the solution process.

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Fig 6 Expand

Fig 7.

Topology of the EPRI-36 bus system.

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Fig 7 Expand

Table 1.

Initial parameters of the pumped storage units in the EPRI-36 bus system.

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Table 1 Expand

Fig 8.

The frequency curve without any measures.

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Fig 8 Expand

Fig 9.

Simulated frequency curves.

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Fig 9 Expand

Table 2.

Two comparison schemes.

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Table 2 Expand

Table 3.

Simulation analysis results.

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Table 3 Expand

Fig 10.

Simulated frequency curves for different schemes.

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Fig 10 Expand

Table 4.

Comparison of five different schemes.

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Table 4 Expand

Table 5.

Simulation analysis results.

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Table 5 Expand

Fig 11.

Simulated test power grid.

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Fig 11 Expand

Table 6.

Initial parameters of pumped storage units.

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Table 6 Expand

Table 7.

Stage-by-stage joint control scheme.

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Table 7 Expand

Fig 12.

The frequency curve without any measures.

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Fig 12 Expand

Fig 13.

Simulated frequency curves.

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Fig 13 Expand

Table 8.

Two comparison schemes (Case 1).

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Table 8 Expand

Table 9.

Simulation analysis results for two schemes (Case 1).

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Table 9 Expand

Fig 14.

Simulated frequency curves for different schemes.

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Fig 14 Expand

Table 10.

Comparison of five schemes (Case 1).

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Table 10 Expand

Table 11.

Simulation analysis results for different schemes (Case 1).

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Table 11 Expand

Fig 15.

Frequency variation for the 2000 MW power shortage scenario, without any recovery strategy applied.

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Fig 15 Expand

Fig 16.

Simulated frequency curves (Case 2).

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Fig 16 Expand

Table 12.

Comparison of two schemes (Case 2).

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Table 12 Expand

Table 13.

Simulation analysis results (Case 2).

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Table 14.

Comparison of five schemes (Case 2).

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Fig 17.

Simulated frequency curves, for the optimized scheme and the other four schemes.

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Fig 17 Expand

Table 15.

Simulation analysis results for different schemes (Case 2).

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Table 15 Expand