Fig 1.
Illustration of the TRAPD model adapted from the Guidelines for Best Practice in Cross-Cultural Surveys [22].
Table 1.
Example of information provided to translators.
Table 2.
Summary of reviewer characteristics, by language.
Table 3.
Identical independent translations of substantive English-language survey questions, by language of translation.
Table 4.
Examples of material differences between translations detected during the review process, and outcome of adjudication.