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Table 1.

Details of PV modules under investigation.

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Table 1 Expand

Table 2.

Nameplate ratings of the PV modules.

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Table 2 Expand

Fig 1.

Percentage occurrence of different defects in the modules under observation.

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Fig 1 Expand

Fig 2.

Percentage occurrence of defects (combined) in Type A, B & D modules.

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Fig 2 Expand

Fig 3.

Defects observed in visual inspection: (a) & (b) Broken junction box and corroded wire in Type A & B respectively, corrosion of (c) busbars (Type A) & (d) metallic frame (Type B), (e) & (f) delaminated backsheet in Type B & (g) Type D, (h) discoloration of the backsheet (Type C), (i) & (j) scratch/crack & burn marks on backsheet in Type D.

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Fig 3 Expand

Fig 4.

Visual inspection of Type D modules showed: (a) discoloration near the cell edges, (b) & (c) discoloration of EVA & burn marks on the Si-cells.

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Fig 4 Expand

Fig 5.

Discoloration of Type B PV Modules (effect of photo-bleaching is visible) in: (a) Module B (1), (b) Module B (2) & (c) Module B (3).

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Fig 5 Expand

Fig 6.

Corrosion of the metallic parts in Type B: (a) Module B (1), (b) Module B (2) & (c) Module B (3).

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Fig 6 Expand

Fig 7.

EL, UV-F and VL images of (a) Type A & (b) Type B modules.

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Fig 7 Expand

Fig 8.

EL, UV-F and VL images of (a) Type C & (b) Type D modules.

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Fig 8 Expand

Fig 9.

UV-F images of Type B modules (a) Module B (1), (b) Module B (2) & (c) Module B (3).

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Fig 9 Expand

Fig 10.

Percentage decrease in the performance parameters of Type B & Type C modules (Eff. & FF degradation is in percentage points).

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Fig 10 Expand

Table 3.

Percentage degradation per year in the electrical parameters of type B & C modules.

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Table 3 Expand