Fig 1.
Sampling sites of coastal species of Australoheros.
A symbol may cover more than one sampling site.
Fig 2.
Map of numbering of vertical dark lateral bars in in Australoheros.
Table 1.
New sequences of Australoheros and Cichlasoma generated, with GenBank accession numbers, collection identifiers, and collection site.
Table 2.
Nominal species of Australoheros in order of description, and recommended synonymy.
Table 3.
Number of vertebrae in species of Australoheros.
Table 4.
Number of scales along the middle of the side (E1 row scales) in species of Australoheros.
Table 5.
Number of lateral line scale in species of Australoheros.
Table 6.
Number of dorsal-fin rays in species of Australoheros.
Table 7.
Number of anal-fin rays in species of Australoheros.
Table 8.
Number of pectoral-fin rays in species of Australoheros.
Table 9.
Counts of ceratobranchial gill rakers in species of Australoheros.
Table 10.
Proportional measurements (per cent of SL) and linear regression parameters.
Table 11.
Proportional measurements (per cent of SL) and linear regression parameters.
Table 12.
Size (SL), proportional measurements (per cent of SL), and linear regression parameters.
Table 13.
Australoheros minuano from Uruguay.
Size (SL), proportional measurements (per cent of SL), and linear regression parameters.
Table 14.
Size (SL) and proportional measurements (per cent of SL).
Table 15.
Size (SL), proportional measurements (per cent of SL), and linear regression parameters.
Table 16.
Size (SL), proportional measurements (per cent of SL), and linear regression parameters.
Table 17.
Size (SL), proportional measurements (per cent of SL) and linear regression parameters.
Table 18.
Size (SL), proportional measurements (per cent of SL) and linear regression parameters.
Table 19.
Size (SL), proportional measurements (per cent of SL), and linear regression parameters.
Fig 3.
Box and whisker plot of last dorsal-fin spine length in per cent of SL in nominal species Australoheros capixaba, A. A. mattosi, and A. tavaresi.
Fig 4.
Plot of specimen scores of PC II on PC III from PCA of 15 distance measurements from pooled coastal species of Australoheros, and A. “Jacuí.” (Table S4.1 in S4 File).
Fig 5.
Plot of scores of PC II on PC III from PCA of 13 distance measurements from pooled coastal species of Australoheros, and A. “Jacuí.” (Table S4.2 in S4 File).
Fig 6.
Plot of scores of PC II on PC III from PCA of 13 distance measurements from pooled samples of Australoheros ipatinguensis and A. oblongus.
Fig 7.
Plot of scores of P C III on PC II from PCA of 15 distance measurements of northern species of Australoheros, assigned to nominal species based on locality and/or species status, represented by minimum five specimens.
(Table S4.6 in S4 File).
Fig 8.
Plot of scores of PC III on PC II from PCA of 15 distance measurements from pooled southern coastal species of Australoheros (A. acaroides, A. minuano, A. facetus, A. mbapoari, A. ricani, A. sanguineus), and A. sp. “Jacuí.”.
Fig 9.
Plot of scores of PC II on PC III from PCA of 13 distance measurements from pooled specimens of Australoheros from the Rio Jacuí basin (A. acaroides, A. facetus, A. mboapari, A. ricani, and A. sp. “Jacuí.”.
Fig 10.
Delimitation of species of Australoheros based on bPTP analysis of mt-coI sequences.
Blue lines lead to suggested species; red lines combine within-species branches. Node numbers are percentage support values generated by bPTP. OTU names are as those considered as valid species; nominal species identified by locality are indicated by codes inserted within parentheses: AU = A. autrani; BB = A. barbosae, CP = A. capixaba; MA = A. macaensis, MC = A. macacuensis; MU = A. muriae; PB = A. paraibae.
Table 20.
Uncorrected p-distances in mt-coI between MOTUs of Australoheros.
Fig 11.
Phylogenetic tree of species of Australoheros based on Bayesian inference of sequences of mt-coI.
Coloured rectangles and names to the right cover valid species; names of nominal species identified by locality contained within rectangles.
Fig 12.
Delimitation of species of Australoheros based on bPTP analysis of mt-cyb sequences.
Blue lines lead to suggested species; red lines combine within-species branches. Node numbers are percentage support values generated by bPTP. OTU names are as those considered as valid species; nominal species identified by locality are indicated by codes inserted within parentheses: AU = A. autrani; BB = A. barbosae, CP = A. capixaba; MA = A. macaensis, MC = A. macacuensis; MU = A. muriae; PB = A. paraibae.
Fig 13.
Phylogenetic tree of species of Australoheros based on Bayesian inference of mt-cyb sequences.
Coloured rectangles and names to the right cover valid species; names of nominal species identified by locality contained within rectangles.
Fig 14.
A. adult male, 145.4 mm SL; NRM 55720. B adult female, 108.8 mm SL; NRM 55720. C. young female, 55.4 mm SL; NRM 55720. All from Uruguay: Maldonado: Laguna del Diario.
Fig 15.
Australoheros facetus, NRM 55720, 100.5 mm SL; lower pharyngeal tooth plate in occlusal.
Fig 16.
Australoheros facetus, ontogenetic series; from bottom to top 23.8–45.3 mm SL; NRM 54218; Uruguay; Maldonado: Laguna del Diario.
Fig 17.
A. Australoheros acaroides, adult female, 49.1 mm SL; NRM 4799: Uruguay: ‘Pinares Laguna’. B. Australoheros facetus, young male, 83.5 mm SL: NRM 5441; Canelones: El Pinar: El Pinar, isolated pool.
Fig 18.
A. Adult male, 78.6 mm SL; MCP 287195; Brazil: Minas Gerais: Abadia dos Dourados: Rio Grande drainage: Rio Preto on road Palmito–Abadia dos Dourados. B. Adult female, 76.9 mm SL; MCP 49007; Brazil: Minas Gerais: Cardeal Mota: Rio Cipó drainage, arroio on road Jaboticatubas to Cardeal Mota. C. Adult male, 84.0 mm SL; LBP 17525; Brazil: Minas Gerais: Bom Jardin de Minas: Rio Paraíba do Sul drainage: Cachoeira do Pacau, Ribeirão da Bom Jardim de Minas, reversed. D. Adult male, 67.4 mm SL; MCP 31877; Brazil: Minas Gerais: Ouro Preto: upper Rio Doce basin: Lagoa do Manso in Parque Estadual de Itacolomi, reversed.
Table 21.
Comparative matrix of character states based on a semi-random subset of data in diagnoses of nominal species from the Sudeste with emphasis on species 12–19 as numbered here.
Fig 19.
A. Adult male, 73.6 mm SL; MCP 18658; Brazil: Cachoeira do Sul: on road between Candelária and Cachoeira do Sul. B. adult female, 92.8 mm SL; MCP 9221; Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul; Restinga Seca: várzea of Rio Jacuí on road Santa Maria–Vera Cruz. C. Adult female, 58.5 mm SL; MCP 26548; Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Nova Palma: Rio Jacuí basin: Arroio Caemborá close to Caemborá, reversed. D. Adult female, 77.2 mm SL.; MCP 49694; Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Bom Jesus: Rio Pelotas basin: stream tributary of the Rio dos Touros ca 4 km NE of BR 285 (secondary road). E. Adult male, 88.5 mm SL; MCP 26772; Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: São Francisco de Paula: Rio Tainhas basin: Arroio Ribeirão.
Fig 20.
SEM image of the lower pharyngeal tooth plate. A. occlusal, approximately lateral and posterior aspect from MCP 9812, 63.3 mm SL., 63.3 mm SL; Rio Grande do Sul: Tramandai: Terra de Areia: Rio Sanga Funda on road BR 101; B. occlusal, latero-occlusal and caudal aspect from MCP 26548, 67.0 mm; Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Nova Palma: Rio Jacuí drainage: Arroio Caemborá close to Caemborá. MCP 26548, 67.0 mm.; In Tramandai specimen width 54% of length; dentigerous area width 84% of dentigerous area length. Anterior teeth subconical, slightly retrorse; 5–5 wide teeth in anteroposterior row along median suture, apex tuberculate with a minor central cusp on middle teeth, posterior teeth slightly compressed, bicuspid with antrorse distal cusp; laterad and posterolaterad on plate teeth gradually smaller and compressed; about 20 teeth in posterior row. In Caemborá specimen tooth plate relatively slender; width 76% of length; dentigerous area width 66% of dentigerous area length. Anterior teeth subconical, slightly retrorse; 8–9 wide teeth in anteroposterior row along median suture, apex tuberculate with a minor central cusp on middle teeth, posterior teeth slightly compressed, bicuspid with antrorse distal cusp; laterad and posterolaterad on plate teeth gradually smaller and compressed; about 19 teeth in posterior row. With antrorse distal cusp; laterad and posterolaterad on plate, teeth gradually smaller and compressed; about 20 teeth in posterior row.
Fig 21.
A. juvenile, 32.5 mm SL; MCP 18317 Brazil: São Francisco de Paula: Rio das Antas on road Jaquirana–Bom Jesus. B. Adult female, 57.7 mm SL; MCP 26548 Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Nova Palma: Rio Jacuí drainage: Arroio Caemborá close to Caemborá. C. Adult male, 66.1 mm SL; MCP 26548 Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Nova Palma: Rio Jacuí drainage: Arroio Caemborá close to Caemborá. D. Paratype of Australoheros taura, young, 43.6 mm SL; MCP 42363; Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Bom Jesus: Rio Taquari drainage: near Arroio Barreiro, tributary of the Rio das Antas. E. Paratype of Australoheros taura, adult male, 142.0 mm SL; CICMC12102; Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: São Francisco de Paula: Rio Taquari drainage: Rio das Antas at PCH Passo do Meio dam.
Fig 22.
A. adult female, 83.3 mm SL; Uruguay NRM 54147: Cerro Largo: Centurión: Paso del Centurión: Cañada Vigia, tributary to Rio Yaguarón about 2 km W of Rio Yaguarón. B. Adult female 87.8 mm SL; NRM 6140; Uruguay: Cerro Largo: Centurión: Paso del Centurión: Cañada Vigia, 2 km W of Rio Yaguarón. C. Adult female, 65.3 mm SL; NRM 54147; Uruguay; Cerro Largo: Centurión: Arroyo Ceibal down from bridge. D. NRM 54141, 42.2 mm SL mm SL; Lower pharyngeal tooth-plate in occlusal view. E. Australoheros minuano, young, 42.2 mm SL; NRM 54147, Uruguay; Cerro Largo: Centurión: Arroyo Ceibal down from bridge.
Fig 23.
A. Australoheros sp., “Arapey”, adult female, 138.0 mm SL; NRM 52219; Uruguay: Salto: Rio Uruguay drainage,10 km from Valentin, below road 31 bridge, small stream within the Rio Arapey drainage. B Australoheros minuano, holotype, adult, not sexed, 70.8 mm SL; MCP 12710; Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Arroyo Canoin, Rio Uruguay drainage, road from Pirapo to São Nicolau. C. Australoheros minuano, paratype, adult, not sexed, 83.9 mm SL. MCP 46757; Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Arroyo Canoin, Rio Uruguay drainage, road from Pirapo to São Nicolau. D. Australoheros ribeirae, adult male, 63.4 mm SL; NUP 5514; Brazil: São Paulo: Tapiraí: Rio Ribeira de Iguape basin: Ribeirão do Prumo, tributary of Rio Verde, Sítio União, bairro doChá.
Fig 24.
A. young male, 54.5 mm SL; MCP 36657; Brazil: Rio de Janeiro: São Francisco de Itabapoana: Rio Guaxindiba on Fazenda Santa Cruz, near Maniva. B. Adult male, 83.3 mm SL; MNRJ 47307; Brazil: Rio de Janeiro: Itaperuna: bridge over the Córrego São Domingos, on road toward Fazenda São Domingos. C. Adult female, MZUSP 16178, 77.3 mm SL; Brazil: Rio de Janeiro: Rio Paraíba do Sul at São João da Barra. D. Adult male, 60.6 mm SL; UFBA 4995; Espírito Santo: Pedro Canário: Rio da Samambaia, on BR.
Fig 25.
A. holotype, adult female, 84.2 mm SL; MCP 14556; Brazil: Santa Catarina: Joinville: Rio Cubatão basin: Arroio Lindo. B. Adult male, 82.1 mm SL; MCP 40635; Joinville: Rio Cubatão Norte. C. Australoheros cf. sanguineus, adult male, 63.2 mm SL; Brazil: Santa Catarina: Petrolândia: stream tributary of the Rio Perimbo on road between BR 282 and Petrolândia (tributary of the Rio Itajai-Açu); MCP 22440. D. Australoheros sanguineus, adult female, 69.0 mm SL; NUP 8861; Brazil: Paraná: Palmas: border with Pinhão: Rio Iratim, tributary of the Rio Iguaçu.
Fig 26.
A. holotype, MCP 49000, adult male, 101.7 mm SL; Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Antônio Prado: Rio Taquarí drainage, Quaresma, close to the Rio das Antas. B. Paratype, adult female, 95.1 mm SL: MCP 33554; Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Nova Roma do Sul: Rio Taquari drainage: Arroyo do Carma, near mouth in the Rio das Antas. C. Paratype, young male, 81.1 mm SL: MZUSP 33554; Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Nova Roma do Sul: Rio Taquari drainage: Arroyo do Carma, near mouth in the Rio das Antas. D. paratype, juvenile, 39.3 mm SL; MCP 23044; Rio Grande do Sul: Rio Taquari drainage: Antônio Prado: Rio Toro, on the road from Vila Flores to Antônio Prado.
Fig 27.
Australoheros mboapari; lower pharyngeal tooth plate in occlusal (top), anterolateral (middle) and caudal (bottom) aspect; MCP 230444, 68.4 mm SL.
Fig 28.
A. Australoheros ricani, holotype adult female, 75.5 mm SL; UFRGS 28500; Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Jacuí drainage: Espumoso: Rio Morcego, tributary of the Rio Jaquí-mirim. B. Australoheros cf. ricani, “Jacuí”, adult female, 105.2 mm SL; MZUSP 30411; Brazil:_Rio Grande do Sul: Marau: Rio Jacuí drainage: Arroio Três Passos, tributary of the Rio Jacuí-mirim.