Fig 1.
VOCs of HND5 inhibit mycelia growth and conidia germination of FOC.
CK: PDA with FOC plug or FOC conidia covered with petridish containing PDA medium; HND5 treatment: PDA with FOC petri or FOC conidia covered with petridish containing PDA medium incubated with HND5 plug; HND5+Charcoal treatment: HND5 treatment with 5g charcoal. All plates were incubated at 28°C, 3 d for mycelia growth and 48 h for conidia germination.
Table 1.
VOCs produced by HND5.
Fig 2.
The effect of selected VOCs on FOC.
10 μL different VOCs were added separately. All plates were incubated at 28°C.
Fig 3.
EC50 analysis of selected VOCs against FOC.
All plates were incubated at 28°C for 7 d. 2M4V: 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol; 34D: 3,4-Dimethoxystyrol; β-C: Caryophyllene.
Fig 4.
Ultrastructural effects of EC50 concentration of selected VOCs on FOC, determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
CW, cell wall; cy, cytoplasm; pm, plasma membrane; M, mitochondrion. Bar: 0.5 μm. 2M4V: 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol; 34D: 3,4-Dimethoxystyrol; β-C: Caryophyllene.
Fig 5.
Detection of FOC viability based on FDA/PI staining after treatment with selected VOCs.
Live fungal cells with intact membranes show green fluorescence; fungal cells with damaged membranes showed red fluorescence. Methanol served as the control (CK). Bar: 20 μm. 2M4V: 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol; 34D: 3,4-Dimethoxystyrol; β-C: Caryophyllene.
Fig 6.
Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of expression of three chitin synthesis genes (FOIG_00580, FOIG_06735 and FOIG_06738) in FOC in responsible to three selected VOCs.
Values were normalized to the levels of Actin as an internal reference gene. The y-axis represents the mean expression values ± SD relative to the control. The experiment was repeated independently three times. 2M4V: 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol; 34D: 3,4-Dimethoxystyrol; β-C: Caryophyllene.
Fig 7.
Detection of ROS was based on DCFH-DA staining after treatment with selected VOCs for 12 h.
Methanol served as control (CK). Bar: 20 μm. 2M4V: 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol; 34D: 3,4-Dimethoxystyrol; β-C: Caryophyllene.
Fig 8.
Fusaric acid production was reduced by treatment with VOCs.
2M4V: 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol; 34D: 3,4-dimethoxystyrol; β-C: caryophyllene.
Fig 9.
Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of expression of two genes (FUB2 and FUB5) in FOC in responsible to three VOCs treatment.
Values were normalized to the levels of Actin as an internal reference gene. The y-axis represents the mean expression values ± SD relative to the control. The experiment was repeated independently three times. 2M4V: 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol; 34D: 3,4-Dimethoxystyrol; β-C: Caryophyllene.