Table 1.
Vole samples collected during three field seasons (2010–2012) across five SAFE sites in Illinois.
Samples were harvested non-invasively from two species, M. ochrogaster and M. pennsylvanicus, but only totals are listed. Geographic location of sites in Fig 1.
Fig 1.
Map depicting State Acres for Wildlife Enhancement (SAFE) restoration sites in Illinois.
(A) Location of Illinois (purple) in the USA. (B) Distribution of SAFE sites (circles) in Illinois: color = sampled sites; dark grey sites in the Grand Prairie region; light gray = sites in the Southern Till Plain. (C) Schematic distribution of restoration patches (small circles) at sampled sites (large circles): arrows = inter-patch distances (in km); circle size = patch area (in ha). The map was generated in ArcGIS 10.4.1 using publicly available data downloaded from government institutions, with boundaries derived from Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) data via U.S. Census Bureau. Additional details on patches provided in S1 Table.
Table 2.
Genetic diversity in 212 M. ochrogaster (MIOC) and 75 M. pennsylvanicus (MIPE) based on 15 microsatellite loci.
Fig 2.
Discriminant analyses of principal components (DAPC) for M. ochrogaster and M. pennsylvanicus.
Genetic clusters found at five SAFE sites: Livingston, Montgomery, Pontiac, Prairie Ridge, and Saybrook. Data derived from 15 microsatellite loci. Colors reflect unique sites and are consistent across species; individuals are represented as points for M. ochrogaster and ticks for M. pennsylvanicus. The percentage of variation from the discriminant analysis captured by each discriminant function axis (DF) is in parentheses.
Fig 3.
Spatial and temporal genetic patterns in M. ochrogaster and M. pennsylvanicus.
Table 3.
Rates of migration versus residency for M. ochrogaster.
Fig 4.
Patterns of isolation-by-distance among M. ochrogaster and M. pennsylvanicus.
For M. ochrogaster estimates are based on samples from five SAFE sites (= Livingston, Montgomery, Pontiac, Prairie Ridge, and Saybrook) and for M. pennsylvanicus on two sites (= Livingston and Saybrook). The X-axis represents pairwise geographic distances computed from latitude and longitude coordinates, whereas the Y-axis represents genetic distances computed among localities using allele frequencies for 15 microsatellite loci. Lines represent linear models, with confidence intervals in gray. Numbers above linear regression lines represent Mantel r and p-values estimated from 999 random permutations.