Fig 1.
Review of substrates and supplements used for P. ostreatus and G. lucidum.
The percentage of occurrence refers to the occurrence of these ingredients reported in the literature (see Table 1 for the references). The circles and squares indicate compositions that have been reported to increase the yield of P. ostreatus and G. lucidum, respectively. The sawdust commonly used is typically from oak, alder, beech, acacia or poplar.
Table 1.
Literature overview of the influence of substrates and supplements on the growth of G. lucidum and P. ostreatus.
Table 2.
Composition used in the growth experiments with the three food supplements and the two fungus species.
Table 3.
Composition used in the growth experiments with barley, and the two lignocellulosic substrates bamboo, and wood chips, at different mycelium to water ratios.
Fig 2.
(A) Electron micrographs of grounded barley (blue), flaxseed (orange) and oats (grey). Size distribution (B) and average diameter and standard deviation (C) for each food supplement. (D) Representative FTIR spectra. L indicates lipides, P proteins, and PS polysaccharides. (E) Transmission intensity corresponding to the content in lipides, proteins, polysaccharides obtained from the FTIR. (F) Mineral concentration in each supplement.
Fig 3.
Effects of nutritious supplements on the growth of G. lucidum (A-C) and P. ostreatus (D-F) on bamboo substrate. (A) Pictures showing the growth of G. lucidum at 1, 6 and 9 days for the three food supplements and control sample without food. (B) Electron microscope images showing the mycelium after 9 days growth. (C) Pore diameter and hyphae width of the grown mycelium after 9 days, respectively. (D) Optical images showing the growth of P. ostreatus at 1, 22 and 27 days. (E) Electron microscope images showing the mycelium after 27 days growth. (F) Pore diameter and hyphae width of the grown mycelium after 9 days, respectively. Blue corresponds to barley supplement, orange to flaxseed and grey to oats.
Fig 4.
Composition ratios as a function of the growing time for G. lucidum (A) and P. ostreatus (B). P stands for protein, PS polysaccharide, L lipid and C chitin. For each fungus, the data for each time point have been averaged over all the experiments carried out with food supplements, irrespective of the nature of the foods. (C) Picture of a fruiting body of P. ostreatus that developed onto the substrate after 20 days growth.
Fig 5.
(A) Electron micrographs of the bamboo fibers and wood chips used as substrate. (B) Size distribution of the bamboo fibers and the wood chips. (C) Representative FTIR spectra. (D) Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content in % in the substrates. Data estimated from [49–51].
Fig 6.
Effects of barley supplement on the growth of P. ostreatus on bamboo and wood substrates.
(A) Optical images of P. ostreatus mycelium grown after 27 days on each lignocellulosic substrate, in presence of barley supplement, for different mycelium to water ratios. The image on the left is the control sample after 27 days of growth on wood substrate, without supplement. (B) Electron micrographs of the corresponding mycelium. Light green are wood chips substrates and dark green are bamboo substrates.