Fig 1.
A) NEIL1 exon 6 alignment. Alignment of partial amino acid sequences for NEIL1 from pig, human, bowhead whale, mouse, spiny dogfish and Greenland shark. The following sequences were used in the alignment: Pig NEIL1, GenBank Accession No. NM_001163801; human NEIL1, GenBank Accession No. NM_001553; and mouse NEIL1, GenBank Accession No. NM_001159518. Sequence alignment was performed using the ClustalW program (http://www.genome.jp/tools/clustalw/). The numbers represent the positions of the amino acids in the respective protein sequences. Identical amino acids are indicated by asterisks. The edited amino acid position K242 in exon 6 is marked with bold and underlined letters. The codon sequence for K242 in NEIL1 of the five species is shown at the right. B–D) A-to-I editing of the porcine and bowhead NEIL1 pre-mRNA. Electropherograms showing a partial exon 6 nucleotide sequence of porcine NEIL1 cDNA with two adenosines subjected to A-to-I editing. The edited adenosines are indicated by arrows. E) Editing levels of the amino acid K242 position of the porcine NEIL1 pre-mRNA from various tissues and organs. F) Partial sequence of the bowhead NEIL1 mRNA. G) Histogram showing the quantification of A-to-I editing of adenosines in the K242 codon in porcine NEIL1 mRNA. Abbreviations used: CBE, cerebellum; FCO, frontal cortex; PCO, parietal cortex; OCC, occipital cortex; LIV, liver; SPE, spleen.
Table 1.
Conservation of A-to-I recoding editing sites in bowhead, pig and human.
AA, amino acid substitutions.
Fig 2.
A) Porcine COG3 nucleotide alignment showing the genomic/unedited sequence (upper line) and the edited sequence below. B) Electropherograms showing editing in porcine parietal cortex (PCO), prostate (PRO) and testis (TES). The adenosine subject to editing is indicated by an arrow. Editing degrees are shown below. C) Porcine GRIA2 nucleotide alignment displaying the genomic/unedited sequence (upper line) and the edited sequence below. D) Electropherograms showing the porcine GRIA2 sequences with editing in frontal cortex (FCO) and occipital cortex (OCC). E) Electropherograms showing editing of bowhead FLNA pre-mRNA in retina and optical nerve.
Fig 3.
Electropherograms showing AZIN1 pre-mRNA editing in bowhead liver, retina and kidney.
Electropherograms showing editing in liver (upper panel), retina (middle panel) and kidney (lower panel). The three adenosines subject to editing, within codon number 367, are indicated by arrows.
Fig 4.
Electropherograms showing BLCAP pre-mRNA editing in bowhead retina and optical nerve.
For comparison, the genomic sequence is shown below. Electropherograms showing editing in retina (upper panel) and optical nerve (middle panel). The adenosines subject to editing, in sites 5, 14 and 44, are indicated by arrows.
Fig 5.
Electropherograms showing GLI1 pre-mRNA editing in bowhead kidney (upper panel) and retina (middle panel).
For comparison, the genomic sequence is shown below. Editing is only detected in kidney, where six adenosines, occurring in codons 691, 700, 701 and 703, are edited.
Fig 6.
Electropherograms showing SON pre-mRNA editing in pig (left panel) and bowhead (right panel).
In pig, SON editing is seen only in frontal cortex at position 571. In bowhead, SON editing is detected in liver and muscle. The adenosines subject to editing are indicated by arrows.
Fig 7.
Electropherogram showing HTR2C pre-mRNA in bowhead retina.
The adenosines in positions A, B, C’, C and D are all subject to A-to-I editing (arrows). A very high editing degree of 100% is seen for position D.