Fig 1.
PRISMA flow chart of literature search for fake news from 2010 to 2020.
Fig 2.
A visualization of 182 fake news-related papers.
The papers were published in IEEE, ACM, ELSEVIER, arXiv, Wiley, APA from 2010 to 2020 classified by publisher, main category, sub category, and evaluation method (left to right).
Fig 3.
An overview of the survey on fake news research in this paper.
We investigate fake news research trend (Section 2), and examine fake news creation and consumption through the lenses of external and internal factors. We also investigate research efforts to mitigate external factors of fake news creation and consumption: (a) indicates fake news creation (Section 3), and (b) indicates fake news consumption (Section 4). “Possible moves” indicates that news consumers “possibly” create/propagate fake news without being aware of any negative impact.
Fig 4.
Fake news research trends of the past decade (2010–2020).
We collected 2,277 fake news related-papers and randomly chose and categorized 200 papers. Each marker indicates the number of fake news studies per type published in a given year. Fig 4(a) shows a research trend of news creation and consumption (main category). Fig 4(b) and 4(c) show a trend of the sub-categories of news creation and consumption. In Fig 4(b), “Miscellaneous” includes studies on stance/propaganda detection and a survey paper. In Fig 4(c), “Data-driven fake news trend analysis” mainly covers the studies reporting the influence of fake news that spread around specific political/social events (e.g., fake news in Presidential Election 2016, Rumor in Weibo after 2015 Tianjin explosions). “Conspiracy theory” refers to an unverified rumor that was passed on to the public.
Fig 5.
External factors: Fake news creation facilitators.
We identify two external factors—The unification of news and the misuse of AI technology—That facilitate fake news creation.
Table 1.
Examples of the prior research on fake information and visual media detection modeling.
Fig 6.
Two internal factors of fake news consumption: Cognitive biases and personal traits.