Fig 1.
Temporal patterns between March 13 and August 9, 2020 for New York, Michigan, California and Arizona of (A) seven-day moving average of new confirmed daily COVID-19 cases per 100,000 people over time. (B) seven-day moving average of de-seasonalized change in consumer card spending (relative to January 2020) over time. (C) Consumer card spending as a function of COVID-19 incidence rate. The colors represent our classification of state policies into lockdown restrictions and the three phases of the White House/CDC reopening guidelines.
Fig 2.
Average change in consumer card spending per phase in New York, Michigan, California and Arizona.
Each bar represents the average change in consumer card spending (de-seasonalized and relative to January 2020) observed in the lockdown (black) and each phase of reopening defined by the White House/CDC guidelines. Each data point in the averaging represents the seven day moving average of the change in consumer card spending, de-seasonalized and relative to January 2020, in each state.
Fig 3.
(A) Date of reopening to Phase 1 as a function of date of peak 7-day average of COVID-19 incidence during the lockdown, for the states where we classified phase information according to the White House/CDC guidelines (MI, NY, CA, AZ highlighted in red). (B) 7-day average of COVID-19 incidence per 100,000 people at reopening to Phase 1 as a function of peak 7-day average of COVID-19 incidence per 100,000 during the state lockdown, for the states examined.
Fig 4.
(A) 7-day average of COVID-19 incidence per 100,000 people at reopening to Phase 1 as a function of date of peak 7-day average of COVID-19 incidence per 100,000 people during the lockdown, for the states with phase information categorized. (B) 7-day average of rate of change of COVID-19 incidence per 100,000 people at reopening to Phase 1 as a function of date of peak 7-day average of COVID-19 incidence during the state lockdown.
Fig 5.
Average spend(t) (overall change in consumer card spending relative to January 2020) of states that reopened in the week of April 20th-27th 2020, compared to states that did not reopen.
The groups of states “treatment” and “control”, as well as the periods “Before Reopening” and “Post Reopening” are described in section 3.5. ,
,
,
.
Table 1.
Difference-in-differences model results for card spending.
Fig 6.
Average spend(t) (consumer card spending of cards with address at zip codes with median household income in the top quartile for each state) of states that reopened in the week of April 20th-27th 2020, compared to states that did not reopen.
The groups of states “treatment” and “control”, as well as the periods “Before Reopening” and “Post Reopening” are described in section 3.5. ,
,
,
.
Table 2.
Difference-in-differences model results for card spending in high-income zipcodes.